Phylogeny and early evolution of the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)
Phylogeny and early evolution of the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00099.x
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发表时间：
1995-10-01
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Ronquist, F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ronquist, F
根据一些结构和生物学特征，Cynipoidea可以分为两个组，“macrocynipoids”和“microcynipoids”。大锥虫（即Liopteridae科和Austrocynips属、Eileenella属、Heteribalia属和Ibalia属）通常是寄生于钻木或锥虫幼虫的大型昆虫。微食蟹猴是较小的昆虫，其是植食性虫瘿诱导剂和刺瘿虫（食蟹猴科）或Hyattera、脉翅目或双翅目（广义的食蟹猴科，包括Eucoilidae、Charipidae和Anacharitidae）的幼虫的拟寄生虫。通过对110个外部形态特征的简约性分析，探讨了大齿象属间以及大齿象与代表大齿象科（Figitidae）和大齿象科（Cynipidae）的4个属之间的系统发育关系。在大锥虫科中，出现了三个单系谱系，在这里被分为不同的科：Austrocynipidae，只有一个物种，Austrocynips mirabilis，唯一一个真正的翼点; Ibaliidae，包括Eileenella，Ibalia和Heteribalia属;和Liopteridae，包括其余的大锥虫科属。该分析进一步支持了小蝾螈科的单系性，并表明大蝾螈科相对于小蝾螈科形成了一个并系群，最短的树表明了这种关系（澳蝾螈科，（Ibaliidae，（Liopteridae，microcynipoids）。这些结果表明，cynipoids最初是蛀木昆虫幼虫的寄生蜂，其他生活方式在该组中是次要的。
Based on several structural and biological characteristics, the Cynipoidea can be divided into two groups, 'macrocynipoids' and 'microcynipoids'. The macrocynipoids (i.e. the family Liopteridae and the genera Austrocynips, Eileenella, Heteribalia and Ibalia) are generally large insects that parasitize wood- or cone-boring insect larvae. The microcynipoids are smaller insects that are either phytophagous gall inducers and inquilines (Cynipidae) or parasitoids of larvae of Hymenoptera, Neuroptera or Diptera (Figitidae sensu late, including the families Eucoilidae, Charipidae and Anacharitidae). The phylogenetic relationships among genera of macrocynipoids and between these and a sample of four genera representing the Figitidae and Cynipidae were examined by parsimony analysis of 110 external morphological characters of adults. Within the macrocynipoids, three monophyletic lineages emerged, classified here as different families: the Austrocynipidae, with a single species, Austrocynips mirabilis, the only cynipoid with a true pterostigma; the Ibaliidae, including the genera Eileenella, Ibalia and Heteribalia; and the Liopteridae, comprising the remaining genera of macrocynipoids. The analysis further supported the monophyly of the microcynipoids and indicated that the macrocynipoids form a paraphyletic group relative to the microcynipoids, with the shortest tree suggesting the relationship (Austrocynipidae, (Ibaliidae, (Liopteridae, microcynipoids))). These results imply that cynipoids were originally parasitoids of wood-boring insect larvae and that the other modes of life evolved secondarily within the group.