Lightning characteristics relative to radar, altitude and temperature for a multicell, MCS and supercell over northern Alabama
Lightning characteristics relative to radar, altitude and temperature for a multicell, MCS and supercell over northern Alabama
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DOI：
10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.03.001
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发表时间：
2017-01
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
R. Mecikalski;L. Carey
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Mecikalski;L. Carey
云带电会导致氮氧化物 (NOx) 的产生，从而影响臭氧浓度。目前，即使以每次闪电为基础，闪电对全球和当地氮氧化物预算的贡献也存在很大的不确定性。大多数闪电 NOx(LNOx) 模型将 LNOxat 反射率 (Z) ≥ 20 dBZ 分布在水平方向上，而垂直方向上，云对地 (CG) 闪光使用峰值为 − 15 °C 的高斯分布函数，云间和云内 (IC) 闪光使用峰值为 − 15 °C 和 − 45 °C 的双峰分布函数。这项研究旨在提高我们对闪电相对于雷达 Z 的位置作为风暴和闪电类型函数的基本了解。使用北阿拉巴马闪电测绘阵列 (NALMA) 和多雷达多传感器数据套件的数据，对多单体风暴、中尺度对流系统和超级单体风暴的分析结果表明，所有闪电中分别有 29.7%、15.9% 和 6.9% 是在 Z < 20 dBZ 的区域引发的。对于这三个风暴中的任何一个，也没有观察到 IC 闪光的双峰闪电起始分布。此外，研究表明，当考虑到闪光的传播时，位于 Z < 20 dBZ 区域的 NALMA 闪电源的百分比会增加。最后，在比较闪光灯类型时，结果表明，混合闪光灯的尺寸始终大于 IC 和 CG 闪光灯，而 IC 和混合闪光灯往往比 CG 闪光灯有更多位于 Z < 20 dBZ 的光源。
Cloud electrification leads to the production of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which has an effect on ozone concentrations. Currently large uncertainties exist regarding the contribution of lightning to the global and local NOxbudget, even on a per flash basis. Most lightning NOx(LNOx) models distribute the LNOxat reflectivities (Z) ≥ 20 dBZ in the horizontal, while vertically, a Gaussian distribution function with a peak at − 15 °C is used for cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes and a bimodal distribution function with peaks at − 15 °C and − 45 °C is used for inter- and intra-cloud (IC) flashes. This research aims to improve our basic understanding of lightning location relative to radar Z as a function of storm and flash type. Using data from the North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (NALMA) and the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor data suite, the results from analyzing a multicell storm, mesoscale convective system and supercell storm showed that 29.7%, 15.9% and 6.9% of all flashes initiated in regions where Z < 20 dBZ, respectively. The bimodal lightning initiation distribution for IC flashes was also not observed for any of the three storms. In addition, it is shown that when incorporating the propagation of the flash, the percentage of NALMA lightning sources located in regions where Z < 20 dBZ increases. Finally, when comparing flash types, the results show that Hybrid flashes have consistently larger sizes than IC and CG flashes, while IC and Hybrid flashes tend to have more sources located at Z < 20 dBZ than CG flashes.