Mangrove plantation over a limestone reef – Good for ecology?
Mangrove plantation over a limestone reef – Good for ecology?
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石灰岩礁上的红树林种植园
DOI：
10.1016/j.ecss.2016.02.017
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E.Wolanski
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T.Asaeda;A.Barnuevo;K.Sanjaya;M.D.Fortes;Y.Kanesaka;E.Wolanski
一直在努力恢复退化的热带和亚热带红树林。虽然有许多失败，但也有一些成功，但很少有人对这些成功进行评估，以测试所创建的红树林湿地在多大程度上再现了自然生态系统的特征，从而能够提供什么样的生态系统服务。我们为菲律宾奥兰戈和巴纳孔群岛的情况提供了如此详细的评估，那里的森林是在一个石灰岩暗礁上建立的，那里的红树林在一个岛屿上不存在，但在20世纪40年代和50年代砍伐森林之前，它们覆盖了其他岛屿的大部分。创建的森林似乎在60年后达到了稳定状态。正如世界各地红树林恢复工作的典型做法一样，种植仅限于单一根际植物种类。虽然森林已经被创造出来，但它并不模仿自然森林。天然林与人工林在森林结构、物种多样性、树木密度等方面存在较大差异。种植的树木密度很高，排除了从附近天然林进口其他物种；因此，即使在几十年后，种植的森林仍然是单一物种，没有显示出模仿天然林特征的迹象。种植的森林提供了红树林的繁殖，入侵了附近的天然森林。种植的森林也将下层从沙地变成了泥泞。人工林的树冠轮廓变得光滑而水平，与天然林的轮廓相反，这改变了当地的景观。因此，我们建议今后的红树林恢复计划应修改其方法，以便种植几个物种，在树木之间保持足够的空间以供生长，包括自然优势物种，并创造潮汐小溪，以便在恢复地区再现天然红树林的一些关键生态系统特征。
There have been efforts to restore degraded tropical and subtropical mangrove forests. While there have been many failures, there have been some successes but these were seldom evaluated to test to what level the created mangrove wetlands reproduce the characteristics of the natural ecosystem and thus what ecosystem services they can deliver. We provide such a detailed assessment for the case of Olango and Banacon Islands in the Philippines where the forest was created over a limestone reef where mangroves did not exist in one island but they covered most of the other island before deforestation in the 1940s and 1950s. The created forest appears to have reached a steady state after 60 years. As is typical of mangrove rehabilitation efforts worldwide, planting was limited to a singleRhizophoraspecies. While a forest has been created, it does not mimic a natural forest. There is a large difference between the natural and planted forests in terms of forest structure and species diversity, and tree density. The high density of planted trees excludes importing other species from nearby natural forests; therefore the planted forest remains mono-specific even after several decades and shows no sign of mimicking the characteristics of a natural forest. The planted forests provided mangrove propagules that invaded nearby natural forests. The planted forest has also changed the substratum from sandy to muddy. The outline of the crown of the planted forest has become smooth and horizontal, contrary to that of a natural forest, and this changes the local landscape. Thus we recommend that future mangrove restoration schemes should modify their methodology in order to plant several species, maintain sufficient space between trees for growth, include the naturally dominant species, and create tidal creeks, in order to reproduce in the rehabilitated areas some of the key ecosystem characteristics of natural mangrove forests.