Physiological and ecological responses of plants and plant communities in dryland environments
Physiological and ecological responses of plants and plant communities in dryland environments
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旱地环境中植物和植物群落的生理和生态反应
DOI：
10.1007/s11355-021-00466-7
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Nobuhito Ohte
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Naoko H. Miki;Nobuhito Ohte
旱地荒漠化造成的生态系统退化对环境条件和居民生活产生了不利影响。因此，必须通过保护本地植物和利用本地植物重新植被来防止荒漠化土地的扩大和恢复生态系统。为了防止荒漠化的蔓延和恢复生态系统，有必要了解当地的物理和化学条件，并准确评估土地的承载能力。特别是，重要的是要评估可用的水资源量，并准确了解用于恢复的植被的用水特点。虽然本地物种通常具有适应恶劣环境条件的各种生理和生态特性，但从其他地区新引进的物种可能比本地物种具有更低的水分利用效率或更高的水分消耗。例如，利用具有深根、利用地下水和具有活跃蒸腾作用的物种进行植被重建，往往可能消耗大量的水（Wilske等人，2009年），最终可能导致恢复不成功。物种多样性影响生态系统目前的功能，以及它们对未来气候变化的抵抗力和复原力（Chapin III等人，2000年）。它还影响生态系统对荒漠化的抵抗力（Maestre等人，2012年）。在旱地等恶劣环境中，植物之间的相互作用是构建生态系统物种多样性的重要因素（例如，Tielborger和Kadmon，2000年; Hochstrasser和Peters，2004年）。因此，在旱地重新植被做法中考虑植物之间的相互作用也很重要。植物之间的相互作用对一个物种到另一个物种的生长和存活产生直接和间接的影响（米勒1994），其中包括促进和抑制作用（例如Callaway等人2002）。对于间接效应，在干旱地区的恶劣环境条件下，灌木物种通过环境条件的调节效应（保育效应）对林下植物的生长具有很大的促进作用（Gutiérrez等人，1993年），另一方面，也考虑了通过资源竞争产生的很大的抑制作用（例如Carvajal等人，2014年）。作为直接效应，存在化感作用，其是一种植物产生的化学物质对另一种植物的抑制或促进作用（Molisch 1937; Fujii和Hamano 2003）。此外，由于许多旱地生态系统是在野火和放牧压力等各种自然和非自然干扰下维持和建立起来的，因此，评估这些干扰对生态系统结构和功能的影响也很重要。因此，这些生态系统的再生往往困难重重，破坏后的恢复需要时间。因此，有必要从短期和长期两个方面评估重新植被的效果。此外，重要的是实行不会对水资源造成不可逆转的损害的重新植被，这在植物生理学和生态学方面是合理的。为此目的，必须积累基本知识，以了解分布在世界广大地区的旱地植物物种的生理和生态特征。这一专题的目的是促进这一领域的研究，
Ecosystem degradation due to the desertification of drylands has a negative effect on the environmental conditions and lives of the residents. Therefore, it is crucial to prevent the enlargement of desertified land and to rehabilitate the ecosystem through the conservation of native plants and revegetation using native plants. To prevent the spread of desertification and to restore ecosystems, it is necessary to understand the physical and chemical conditions of the location and accurately assess the carrying capacity of the land. In particular, it is important to assess the amount of water resources available and accurately understand the water use characteristics of the vegetation used for restoration. Although native species often have a variety of physiological and ecological characteristics adapted to harsh environmental conditions, newly introduced species from other regions may have lower water use efficiency or higher water consumption than native species. Revegetation using species that have deep roots, use groundwater, and have active transpiration, for example, may often consume large amounts of water (Wilske et al. 2009), and may eventually result unsuccessful rehabilitation. Species diversity affects the current functioning of ecosystems, as well as their resistance and resilience to future climate change (Chapin III et al. 2000). It also affects the resistance of the ecosystem to desertification (Maestre et al. 2012). In harsh environments such as drylands, interactions between plants are important factors in constructing ecosystem species diversity (eg, Tielborger and Kadmon 2000; Hochstrasser and Peters 2004). Therefore, it is also important to consider the interactions between plants in revegetation practices in drylands. Interactions between plants exert direct and indirect effects on the growth and survival of one to another species (Miller 1994), which include both promotive and inhibitory effects (eg Callaway et al. 2002). For indirect effects, under severe environmental conditions in drylands, shrub species have a great promotive effect on the growth of understories through the moderating effect (nurse effect) of environmental conditions (Gutiérrez et al. 1993), on the other hand, a great inhibitory effect through resource competition has also been considered (eg Carvajal et al. 2014). As direct effects, there is allelopathy, which is the inhibitory or promotive effect of a chemical substance produced by one plant on another plant (Molisch 1937; Fujii and Hamano 2003). In addition, since many dryland ecosystems are maintained and established under various natural and unnatural disturbances, such as wildfire and grazing pressure, it is also important to evaluate the effects of these disturbances on the structure and function of the ecosystem.Ecosystems in drylands are originally established under conditions of low precipitation. Therefore, regeneration of these ecosystems is often fraught with difficulties, and recovery after destruction takes time. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of revegetation both in the short and long term. In addition, it is important to practice revegetation that does not cause irreversible damage to water resources, which is reasonable in terms of plant physiology and ecology. For this purpose, it is essential to accumulate basic knowledge to understand the physiological and ecological characteristics of plant species inhabiting drylands that are distributed over a wide area of the world. The purpose of this special feature is to promote research in this field and to consolidate the