Shock cooling of a red-supergiant supernova at redshift 3 in lensed images
Shock cooling of a red-supergiant supernova at redshift 3 in lensed images
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DOI：
10.1038/s41586-022-05252-5
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发表时间：
2022-11
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Wenlei Chen;P. Kelly;M. Oguri;T. Broadhurst;J. Diego;N. Emami;A. Filippenko;T. Treu;A. Zitrin-A
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文献类型：
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作者：
Wenlei Chen;P. Kelly;M. Oguri;T. Broadhurst;J. Diego;N. Emami;A. Filippenko;T. Treu;A. Zitrin-A
大质量星星的核心坍缩超新星在其核心坍缩后产生的冲击波到达恒星表面时迅速变亮。由于受到冲击波加热的星星随后膨胀和冷却，它的早期光变曲线应该简单地依赖于祖先的大小，因此最终的演化状态。根据早期光变曲线测量出的原始恒星半径只存在于附近超新星的一小部分样本中，几乎所有的样本都缺乏爆炸后一天内的紫外线观测。然而，几天的时间延迟和星系尺度引力透镜的放大能力应该为测量遥远超新星的早期光变曲线提供一个强大的工具，从而研究高红移的大质量恒星种群。在这里，我们分析了哈勃太空望远镜在紫外光下对光学的单独静止帧曝光，哈勃太空望远镜在三个独立的引力透镜图像中同时捕捉到了一颗红移为1.3的超新星在爆炸后5.8 ± 3.1小时内开始的早期阶段。这颗超新星是在大约115亿年的时间里被发现的，它被阿贝尔370星系团中的一个早期星系强烈地透镜化了。我们将爆炸前的半径限制在besolar半径，与红超巨星一致。在相同半径的高度受限和大质量的星周物质也可以重现光变曲线，但因为没有类似的低红移例子，这是不可能的。
The core-collapse supernova of a massive star rapidly brightens when a shock, produced following the collapse of its core, reaches the stellar surface. As the shock-heated star subsequently expands and cools, its early-time light curve should have a simple dependence on the size of the progenitor and therefore final evolutionary state. Measurements of the radius of the progenitor from early light curves exist for only a small sample of nearby supernovae, , , , , , , , , , , –, and almost all lack constraining ultraviolet observations within a day of explosion. The several-day time delays and magnifying ability of galaxy-scale gravitational lenses, however, should provide a powerful tool for measuring the early light curves of distant supernovae, and thereby studying massive stellar populations at high redshift. Here we analyse individual rest-frame exposures in the ultraviolet to the optical taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, which simultaneously capture, in three separate gravitationally lensed images, the early phases of a supernova at redshiftz≈ 3 beginning within 5.8 ± 3.1 hours of explosion. The supernova, seen at a lookback time of approximately 11.5 billion years, is strongly lensed by an early-type galaxy in the Abell 370 cluster. We constrain the pre-explosion radius to besolar radii, consistent with a red supergiant. Highly confined and massive circumstellar material at the same radius can also reproduce the light curve, but because no similar low-redshift examples are known, this is unlikely.