Central Pacific Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts: Historical Perspective and Regional Variability
Central Pacific Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts: Historical Perspective and Regional Variability
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中太平洋富钴铁锰结壳：历史视角和区域变化
DOI：
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发表时间：
1992
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. M. Gein
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Hein;M. Schulz;L. M. Gein
元素间相关性与 X 射线矿物学、化学分析和 Q 模式因子分析相结合，定义了构成铁锰结壳的五种相：δ-MnO2、Fe 相（包括羟基氧化铁和硅酸铁）、碎屑铝硅酸盐、生物磷酸盐和生物非磷酸盐。最后一个阶段主要源自生物碳酸盐和二氧化硅的溶解。这五相分别由以下元素表征：Co、Mn、Ni、Pb；铁、硅、砷；铝、铬、硅、钛、钾；磷、钙；以及铜、镍、钡、锌、镉。 δ-MnO2相的分布与纬度有关，受生产力较高的赤道地带控制，产生强烈而广泛的缺氧带。铁相的分布类似，但总体变异性不如 δ-MnO2 相那么大。碎屑相的分布与δ-MnO2 相相反，并且在高纬度地区最多，特别是在信风带下方的地区。碎屑相由海底流侵蚀海底露头的风成碎片和火山碎屑组成。磷酸盐相随纬度、经度或赤道生物生产力高的地区分布不明显。生物非磷酸盐相在生物生产力高的赤道地区最为突出。
Interelement correlations coupled with X-ray mineralogy, chemical analyses, and Q-mode factor analysis define five phases that compose ferromanganese crusts: δ-MnO2, Fe-phases including Fe oxyhydroxide and Fe silicate, detrital aluminosilicate, biogenic phosphate, and biogenic-nonphosphate. This last phase is derived primarily from the dissolution of biogenic carbonate and silica. These five phases are characterized by the following elements respectively: Co, Mn, Ni, Pb; Fe, Si, As; Al, Cr, Si, Ti, K; P, Ca; and Cu, Ni, Ba, Zn, Cd. The distribution of the δ-MnO2 phase is related to latitude and is controlled by the equatorial zone of higher productivity, which produces a strong and extensive oxygen-minimum zone. The iron phases are similarly distributed, but the overall variability is not as great as for the δ-MnO2 phase. The detrital phase has the inverse distribution to the δ-MnO2 phase and is greatest at higher latitudes, especially in areas beneath the trade-wind belt. The detrital phase is composed of eolian debris and volcanogenic debris eroded from submarine outcrops by bottom currents. The phosphate phase is not clearly distributed with latitude, longitude, or the equatorial zone of high biological productivity. The biogenic-nonphosphate phase is most prominent in the equatorial zone of high biological productivity.