Recruiting and Organizing an Industrial Labour Force in Colonial India: The Case of the Coal Mining Industry, c. 1880-1939
Recruiting and Organizing an Industrial Labour Force in Colonial India: The Case of the Coal Mining Industry, c. 1880-1939
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印度殖民地时期招募和组织工业劳动力：煤炭开采业案例，c。
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发表时间：
1976
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通讯作者：
C. Simmons
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作者：
C. Simmons
印度煤炭开采业长期以来一直以“技术高度劳动密集型”为特点。直到 1967 年，总产量（7,010 万吨）中只有 2.8%（即略低于 200 万吨）是通过采煤机械获得的，机械输送和装载的产量也不超过 1%（79 万吨）。这种单因素偏差只有在原始劳动力投入相对便宜且容易获得的情况下才可行。粗略的就业数据（表一）表明，从 1888 年（首次系统记录统计数据的那一年）到 1939 年，劳动力从 29,301 人增加到 229,100 人，几乎增加了八倍。2 2 到后来的日期，煤炭开采业已跻身于该国现代工业劳动力雇主前六名之列。本文旨在探讨劳动力招聘和组织的一些流程、技术和问题，特别是针对 Jharia、Raniganj 和 Giridih 等主要煤田地区。第一节讨论了劳动力的来源地及其主要由部落和低种姓构成。第二节探讨妇女和儿童的作用。在第三节中我们
The Indian coal mining industry has long been characterized by a’ highly labour-intensive technology. As late as 1967 barely 2.8 per cent (or a little under 2 million tons) of the total output (70.1 million tons) was won with the aid of coal cutting machinery, and not much more than 1 per cent (790,000 tons) was mechanically conveyed and loaded. Such mono-factor bias has only been practi.cable on account of the relative cheapness and availability of raw labour inputs. The crude employment data (Table I) indicate that between 1888-the year that statistics were first systematically recorded-and 1939 the labour force grew from 29,301 to 229,100, almost an eight-fold rise.2 2 By the latter date coal mining was amongst the top half a dozen modern industrial employers of labour in the country. This paper seeks to examine some of the processes, techniques, and problems of labour recruitment and organization with particular reference to the major coalfield areas of Jharia, Raniganj, and Giridih. In Section I the place of origin of the work force and its predominantly tribal and low-caste composition is discussed. Section II explores the role of women and children. In Section III we