Biomass and Bioenergy
Biomass and Bioenergy
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-92318-5_7
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Lorenz;R. Lal
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Lorenz;R. Lal
生物质能可以替代化石燃料生产热能、电力和运输用液体燃料，但其潜在贡献有待进一步研究和客观讨论。生物质还可以为化学工业提供替代石油的原料。用于此目的的原料是主要的植物油料作物，如油棕（Elaeis guineensisorE）。大豆[甘氨酸max(L.)]稳定。]、油菜（Brassica napusL.）和向日葵（Helianthus annuusL.）。2015年，传统生物质占全球最终能源消费的9.1%，交通运输生物燃料占全球最终能源消费的0.8%。原则上，通过开垦新的土地和/或提高生产力，生物质能在2050年满足预计全球能源需求的三分之一。然而，除了物理上可能之外，必须评估社会上可接受的生物量潜在情景。产生热、电或气体、液体和固体燃料的主要原料是林业、农业和牲畜残留物、短期轮作森林种植园、能源作物以及城市残留物和废物的有机成分。传统的生物质，如薪材、木炭和动物粪便，约占所有生物能源的99%。次要的是用于生产液体生物燃料的“现代”生物质，如糖、谷物和植物油作物。然而，在未来，大部分液体生物燃料可能是由种植在边缘、退化和剩余农业用地上的木质纤维素作物生产的。专门的木质纤维素能源作物包括多年生植物，如柳枝稷（Panicum virgatumL）。芒草（Miscanthus x giganteus）；甘蔗（Saccharumspp.）；短轮作木本作物，如杂交杨树（Populusspp.）和柳树（Salixspp.）。与玉米等传统作物相比，能源作物较少依赖于有利的气候和土壤条件，并且需要较少的农用化学品投入。因此，使用能源作物将减少粮食生产和生态系统服务对土地的直接竞争，并可能降低净能源和温室气体（GHG）效应。然而，将土地用于生物能源的碳成本将超过收益。例如，将原生生态系统转化为生物能源往往会导致土壤有机碳（SOC）的损失。能源作物的长期潜力在很大程度上取决于土地的可得性、作物品种的选择、生物技术的改进、水的可得性以及气候变化的影响。除了专门的生物能源种植园外，其他潜在的原料是大量未使用的有机残留物和废物，但目前尚不清楚它们的份额是否可以增加。然而，现场也需要农业残留物来维持有机碳储量、土壤健康和农业生产力，并减少土壤侵蚀。与化石燃料相比，有机碳的封存可能是决定生物燃料温室气体减排潜力的关键因素。生命周期评估（LCA）是一种广泛使用的评估生物质生产温室气体平衡的方法。例如，去除25%和100%的玉米残留物会危害农业生态系统服务，并导致10年后0-30厘米土壤深度的有机碳损失分别高达3毫克和8毫克/公顷。相比之下，多年生禾本科土壤有机碳在顶部30 cm的积累速率高达1 Mg / ha - 1yr - 1。因此，更密集的生物能源收获对有机碳储量产生不利影响。此外，通过转换以前未开垦的土地来生产能源作物原料将导致SOC库存的减少。否则，加入森林收获的残留物，加工…
Bioenergy from biomass can replace fossil fuels in the production of heat, electricity, and liquid fuels for transport but the potential contribution is in need of further research and objective discussions. Biomass can also provide feedstock for the chemical industry to replace petroleum. Feedstock for this purpose are major plant oil crops such as oil palm (Elaeis guineensisorE. oleifera), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], rapeseed (Brassica napusL.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.). In 2015, traditional biomass accounted for 9.1%, and biofuels for transportation accounted for 0.8% of the global final energy consumption. In principle, biomass could meet up to one-third of the projected global energy demand in 2050 by bringing new land under cultivation and/or increasing productivity. However, aside physically possible, socially acceptable biomass potential scenarios must be assessed. The main feedstocks for generating heat, electricity, or gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels are forestry, agricultural and livestock residues, short-rotation forest plantations, energy crops, and the organic component of municipal residues and wastes. Traditional biomass such as fuelwood, charcoal , and animal dung is source for about 99% of all bioenergy. Of minor importance is ‘modern’ biomass such as sugar, grain, and vegetable oil crops for the production of liquid biofuels . However, in the future the bulk of liquid biofuels may be produced from lignocellulosic crops cultivated on marginal, degraded, and surplus agricultural land. Dedicated lignocellulosic energy crops include perennial plants such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.),Miscanthus x giganteus, sugarcane (Saccharumspp.),Agavespp., and short-rotation woody crops such as hybrid poplar (Populusspp.) and willow (Salixspp.). Compared to conventional crops such as corn (Zea maysL.), energy crops are less depending on favorable climatic and soil conditions and require fewer inputs of agrochemicals. Thus, using energy crops would reduce the direct competition for land with food production and ecosystem services, and potentially have lower net energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) effects. However, the carbon costs of dedicating land to bioenergy will exceed the benefits. For example, conversion of native ecosystems for bioenergy often results in soil organic carbon (SOC) loss. The long-term potential of energy crops depends largely on land availability, choice of crop species, improvements by biotechnology, water availability, and effects of climate change . Aside from the dedicated bioenergy plantations, other potential feedstocks are the large volumes of unused organic residues and wastes but it is unclear whether their share can be increased. However, agricultural residues are also required on site to maintain SOC stocks, soil health, and agricultural productivity, and to reduce soil erosion . The SOC sequestration may be the key component in determining the GHG reduction potential of biofuels compared to fossil fuels. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely used approach to assess the GHG balance of biomass production. Removing 25 and 100% of corn residues, for example, jeopardizes agroecosystem services and causes losses of up to 3 and up to 8 Mg SOC ha−1in 0–30 cm soil depth after 10 years, respectively. In comparison, SOC accumulates in the top 30 cm under perennial grasses at rates of up to 1 Mg SOC ha−1yr−1. Thus, more intense harvest for bioenergy adversely affects the SOC stock. Also, producing energy crop feedstock by converting previously uncultivated land will cause a reduction in the SOC stock. Otherwise, adding residues from forest harvest, processing …