Humanization of wildlife gut microbiota in urban environments.
Humanization of wildlife gut microbiota in urban environments.
复制标题
野生动植物肠道微生物群在城市环境中的人性化。
DOI：
10.7554/elife.76381
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发表时间：
2022-05-31
期刊：
影响因子：
7.7
通讯作者：
Moeller, Andrew H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Dillard, Brian A.;Chung, Albert K.;Gunderson, Alex R.;Campbell-Staton, Shane C.;Moeller, Andrew H.
城市化正在迅速改变地球环境，这就要求对居住的野生动物的影响进行调查。在这里，我们展示了城市人口的土狼（Canis latrans），冠蜥（Anolis cristatellus）和白冠麻雀（zoonotrichia leucophrys）获得了人类中发现的肠道微生物群成分，包括与人类城市化相关的肠道细菌谱系。城市和农村野生动物和人口的比较显示，城市人口的肠道微生物群相对于农村人口有显著的趋同。所有细菌谱系在城市野生动物中相对于农村野生动物过度代表，在城市和农村人类之间差异丰富，在城市人类中也相对于农村人类过度代表。值得注意的是，在城市人群中最具代表性的细菌谱系是拟杆菌的序列变异，在城市人群中也最具代表性。这些结果表明城市化对人类和野生动物肠道微生物群的平行影响，并表明人类的细菌溢出到城市的野生动物中。脊椎动物，如爬行动物、鸟类或哺乳动物，在它们的消化系统中有独特的微生物群落。这些微型生态系统——也被称为微生物群——对每个主人和物种来说都是独一无二的，反映了它们不同的生活方式和进化历史。城市化会破坏这些脆弱的肠道群落。生活在城市的人和其他动物与生活在农村地区的人有着不同的肠道微生物。家庭和动物园的圈养物种往往在消化系统中获得人类肠道细菌，这可能导致这些动物的健康问题。到目前为止，还不清楚这种肠道细菌的人性化是否也会影响生活在城市及其周围的野生动物。为了进一步研究这一点，Dillard等人比较了北美与人类密切接触的野生爬行动物、鸟类和哺乳动物的肠道微生物，如土狼、冠蜥和白冠麻雀。DNA测序显示，在城市环境中，这三种野生动物的肠道细菌组成与人类相似。在城市人类肠道中过度存在的细菌类型在城市野生动物中也过度存在。这表明，城市化可以通过破坏或取代部分微生物组来影响野生动物肠道细菌的组成。这种模式的原因尚不清楚。人类可能会直接与城市动物分享他们的肠道微生物，或者类似人类的饮食导致了这种变化。鉴于肠道微生物在健康和疾病中所起的作用，弄清这些变化是否会对动物造成伤害是很重要的。
Urbanization is rapidly altering Earth’s environments, demanding investigation of the impacts on resident wildlife. Here, we show that urban populations of coyotes (Canis latrans), crested anole lizards (Anolis cristatellus), and white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) acquire gut microbiota constituents found in humans, including gut bacterial lineages associated with urbanization in humans. Comparisons of urban and rural wildlife and human populations revealed significant convergence of gut microbiota among urban populations relative to rural populations. All bacterial lineages overrepresented in urban wildlife relative to rural wildlife and differentially abundant between urban and rural humans were also overrepresented in urban humans relative to rural humans. Remarkably, the bacterial lineage most overrepresented in urban anoles was a Bacteroides sequence variant that was also the most significantly overrepresented in urban human populations. These results indicate parallel effects of urbanization on human and wildlife gut microbiota and suggest spillover of bacteria from humans into wildlife in cities. Vertebrate species, such as reptiles, birds or mammals, harbour distinct communities of microbes in their digestive systems. These miniature ecosystems – also known as microbiomes – are unique to each owner and species, reflecting their diverse lifestyles and evolutionary history. Urbanisation can disrupt these delicate intestinal communities. Humans and other animals living in cities have different gut microbes to their counterparts living in rural areas. And captive species in homes and zoos often acquire human gut bacteria in their digestive systems, which can lead to health problems in these animals. So far, it has been unclear whether such a humanization of gut bacteria also affects wild animals living in and around cities. To investigate this further, Dillard et al. compared the gut microbes of wild reptiles, birds, and mammals living in close contact with humans in North America, such as coyotes, crested anole lizards and white-crowned sparrows. DNA sequencing showed that in urban environments, the composition of gut bacteria living in all three wildlife species resembled the ones in humans. The types of bacteria overrepresented in the guts of urban humans were also overrepresented in urban wildlife. This suggests that urbanization can affect the composition of gut bacteria in wildlife species by disrupting or replacing portions of their microbiome. The reason for this pattern is unclear. It is possible that humans might be sharing their gut microbes directly with city animals, or that a human-like diet is causing the change. Given the role that gut microbes play in health and disease, it is important to find out whether these changes cause the animals any harm.