Phthalates and diet: a review of the food monitoring and epidemiology data.
Phthalates and diet: a review of the food monitoring and epidemiology data.
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DOI：
10.1186/1476-069x-13-43
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发表时间：
2014-06-02
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Sathyanarayana S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Serrano SE;Braun J;Trasande L;Dills R;Sathyanarayana S
邻苯二甲酸酯与各种健康结果相关，但可能用于减少暴露信息的来源仍然难以捉摸。饮食被认为是这些化合物的重要暴露途径。因此，我们试图通过对食品监测调查和流行病学数据的审查，确定与暴露增加相关的主要食品。在PubMed和Google Scholar中检索关键词"邻苯二甲酸酯"和"饮食""食物""食品""饮食摄入量""食物摄入量"和"食物浓度"，得到17项测量美国（US）和国际食品中邻苯二甲酸酯浓度的研究，3项流行病学关联研究和3项干预措施。我们报告了高浓度（≥ 300 μ g/kg）和低浓度（<50 μ g/kg）的食物组，并将其与邻苯二甲酸酯身体负荷相关的食物进行了比较。基于这些数据，我们估计了美国育龄妇女、青少年和婴儿典型消费模式以及健康和不良饮食的邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）每日摄入量。在食品监测研究中，我们始终观察到家禽、食用油和奶油乳制品中的DEHP浓度较高（≥ 300 μ g/kg）。邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）水平在所有食物组中均处于低浓度。根据这些数据，流行病学研究表明，肉类、任意脂肪和乳制品的消费与DEHP之间存在正相关。与食物监测数据相反，在两项研究中发现DEP与蔬菜摄入量有关。基于典型饮食的DEHP暴露量估计值分别为育龄妇女、青少年和婴儿的5.7、8.1和42.1 μ g/kg-天，乳制品是暴露量的最大贡献者。肉类和奶制品消费量高的饮食导致暴露增加两倍。基于典型饮食的婴儿估计值超过了环境保护署的参考剂量20微克/公斤-天，而青少年食用的乳制品和肉类含量高的饮食也超过了这一阈值。文献综述表明，在一些肉类、脂肪和乳制品中发现的DEHP浓度一直很高，可能会导致接触。提供了这一领域未来研究的指导，可能有助于确定减少膳食邻苯二甲酸酯暴露的方法。
Phthalates are associated with a variety of health outcomes, but sources that may be targeted for exposure reduction messaging remain elusive. Diet is considered a significant exposure pathway for these compounds. Therefore, we sought to identify primary foods associated with increased exposure through a review of the food monitoring survey and epidemiological data. A search in PubMed and Google Scholar for keywords "phthalates" and "diet" "food" "food stuffs" "dietary intake" "food intake" and "food concentration" resulted in 17 studies measuring phthalate concentrations in United States (US) and international foods, three epidemiological association studies, and three interventions. We report on food groups with high (≥300 μg/kg) and low (<50 μg/kg) concentrations and compare these to foods associated with phthalate body burden. Based on these data, we estimated daily intakes of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) of US women of reproductive age, adolescents and infants for typical consumption patterns as well as healthy and poor diets. We consistently observed high DEHP concentrations in poultry, cooking oils and cream-based dairy products (≥300 μg/kg) across food monitoring studies. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) levels were found at low concentrations across all food groups. In line with these data, epidemiological studies showed positive associations between consumption of meats, discretionary fat and dairy products and DEHP. In contrast to food monitoring data, DEP was found to be associated with intake of vegetables in two studies. DEHP exposure estimates based on typical diets were 5.7, 8.1, and 42.1 μg/kg-day for women of reproductive age, adolescents and infants, respectively, with dairy as the largest contributor to exposure. Diets high in meat and dairy consumption resulted in two-fold increases in exposure. Estimates for infants based on a typical diet exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency’s reference dose of 20 μg/kg-day while diets high in dairy and meat consumed by adolescents also exceeded this threshold. The review of the literature demonstrated that DEHP in some meats, fats and dairy products is consistently found in high concentrations and can contribute to exposure. Guidance on future research in this area is provided that may help to identify methods to reduce dietary phthalate exposures.