Agglomeration in World Cities
Agglomeration in World Cities
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DOI：
10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.03.088
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发表时间：
2013-04
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. Tabuchi
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文献类型：
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作者：
T. Tabuchi
世界城市（或全球城市）是由几个组织从社会经济、政治和文化特征等各个方面来定义的。一些世界城市发展迅速，而另一些则没有。本文的目的是探讨世界城市增长变化的经济原因。根据文献，这种变化大致有两种可能的原因：运输和贸易成本以及知识和技术的溢出效应。首先，Martin和Ottaviano（1999）建立了一个新经济地理学的动态模型，其中通过研发积累知识和技术是经济增长的引擎。知识和技术的积累往往会溢出地理上有限的区域。虽然检验知识和技术的溢出效应并不容易，但我们以经济增长率（GDP增长率）和贸易依存度（对外贸易依存度）代替知识溢出对城市群（最大城市人口占比）的影响进行了探讨。其次，Behrens、Gaigne、Ottaviano和Thisse（2007）表明，空间集聚的程度不仅取决于一国内部的运输成本水平，还取决于国与国之间的贸易成本水平。更具体地说，他们已经表明，当国内运输成本较低，国际贸易成本较高时，集聚是持续的。在日本也是如此，因为日本地理面积小，交通系统得到改善，而且对进口产品征收高额关税，尤其是农产品。另一方面，美国的情况并非如此，因为美国幅员辽阔，征收的关税也很低。为了验证Behrens、Gaigne、Ottaviano和Thisse（2007）的结论是否成立，我们考察了贸易开放对最大城市集聚程度的影响。利用国际数据，通过回归分析，探讨了世界城市集聚与分散的原因。研究发现，影响世界城市集聚水平的因素与影响集聚变化的因素存在差异。研究表明，世界城市的集聚水平受贸易开放度的负向影响，而受二、三级份额和国家首都的正向影响。世界城市集聚的变化受经济发展的强烈影响，受贸易开放的微弱影响，而不受国家首都的影响。最后，我们证实了国家固定效应是世界城市集聚变化的重要因素。
World cities (or global cities) are defined by various aspects such as socioeconomic, political and cultural characteristics by several organizations. Some world cities have been growing rapidly, whereas others have not. The purpose of this paper is to investigate economic reasons for the variations in the growth of world cities. According to the literature, there are roughly two possible reasons for the variations: costs of transport and trade and spillover effects of knowledge and technologies. First, Martin and Ottaviano (1999) have developed a dynamic model of new economic geography, where accumulation of knowledge and technologies by research and development is the engine of economic growth. The accumulation of knowledge and technologies often spills over geographically limited regions. Although it is not easy to test the spillover effect of knowledge and technologies, we explore the effects of the economic growth (the GDP growth rate) and the trade dependency (the degree of dependence on foreign trade) as surrogate for knowledge spillover on urban agglomeration (the population share of the largest city). Second, Behrens, Gaigne, Ottaviano and Thisse (2007) have shown that the degree of spatial agglomeration depends not only on the level of transport costs within a country, but also trade costs between countries. More specifically, they have shown that agglomeration is sustained when the domestic transport costs are low and the international trade costs are high. This would be true in Japan because Japan is geographically small with improved transport systems and is imposing high import tariffs especially for agricultural products. On the other hand, this is not true in the United States because the United States is geographically large and is imposing low tariffs. We examine the effect of the trade openness on the degree of agglomeration to the largest city in order to see if the results by Behrens, Gaigne, Ottaviano and Thisse (2007) hold. We explore the reasons for agglomeration and dispersion in the world cities by regression analysis using the international data. We find that the factors affecting the level of agglomeration in the world cities differ from those affecting the change in agglomeration. We show that the level of agglomeration in the world city is negatively affected by the trade openness, while positively affected by the secondary and tertiary shares, and being a national capital. We also show that the change in agglomeration to the world city is strongly affected by economic development, weakly affected by the trade openness, and unaffected by being a national capital. Finally, we confirm that the country fixed effects are important factors of the changes in agglomeration to the world city.