Do highly trained monkeys walk like humans? A kinematic study of bipedal locomotion in bipedally trained Japanese macaques
Do highly trained monkeys walk like humans? A kinematic study of bipedal locomotion in bipedally trained Japanese macaques
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.04.004
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发表时间：
2004-06-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Nakatsukasa, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hirasaki, E;Ogihara, N;Nakatsukasa, M
在这项研究中，我们研究了经过高度训练以两足站立和行走的猕猴的两足行走的运动学，并将它们与普通猕猴的两足行走的运动学进行了比较。结果显示，与普通受试者相比，受过训练的猕猴行走的步幅更长、频率更低。此外，他们似乎在两足行走过程中使用了倒立摆机制，这导致了势能和动能的有效交换。这些步态特征源于受训猕猴后肢关节相对较长。相比之下，普通猕猴的身体在单肢站立阶段向下移动，这是因为后肢关节更弯曲。这导致了势能和动能的几乎同相波动，这表明普通猕猴的能量转换效率较低。这些发现为人类两足动物进化的早期阶段提供了两个见解。首先，训练大大改善了两足行走的后遗症，这一发现可能解释了为什么在形态上还没有适应两足行走的第一批两足动物继续两足行走。从四足动物到两足动物的进化转变可能并不像想象的那么困难。此外，猕猴在系统发育上与人类相距甚远，其中两足行走不同于人类行走，这一发现可以通过训练形成类似人类的步态特征，这为普遍持有但未经证实的观点提供了强有力的支持，即人类步态特征有利于人类两足行走。(C)2004爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
In this study, we examined the kinematics of bipedal walking in macaque monkeys that have been highly trained to stand and walk bipedally, and compared them to the kinematics of bipedal walking in ordinary macaques. The results revealed that the trained macaques walked with longer and less frequent strides than ordinary subjects. In addition, they appear to have used inverted pendulum mechanics during bipedal walking, which resulted in an efficient exchange of potential and kinetic energy. These gait characteristics resulted from the relatively more extended hindlimb joints of the trained macaques. By contrast, the body of the ordinary macaques translated downward during the single-limb stance phase due to more flexed hindlimb joints. This resulted in almost in-phase fluctuations of potential and kinetic energy, which indicated that energy transformation was less efficient in the ordinary macaques. The findings provide two insights into the early stage of the evolution of human bipedalism. First, the finding that training considerably improved bipedal walking a posteriori may explain why the very first bipeds that might not yet have been morphologically adapted to bipedal walking continued to walk bipedally. The evolutionary transition from quadrupedalism to bipedalism might not be as difficult as has been envisioned. In addition, the finding that macaques, which are phylogenetically distant from humans and in which bipedal walking is unlike human walking, could develop humanlike gait characteristics with training, provides strong support for the commonly held but unproven idea that the characteristics of the human gait are advantageous to human bipedalism. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.