Getting the Timing Right: Experimental Protocols for Investigating Time with Functional Neuroimaging and Psychopharmacology
Getting the Timing Right: Experimental Protocols for Investigating Time with Functional Neuroimaging and Psychopharmacology
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4939-1782-2_13
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Coull, Jennifer T.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Coull, Jennifer T.
功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）是一种有效的工具，用于识别与人类时间有关的大脑区域和网络。但是，功能性磁共振成像不仅仅是一种骨相学工具：通过精心设计，功能性磁共振成像可以用于解开计时任务的离散组件，并控制潜在的认知过程（例如持续注意力和WM更新），这些过程对于估计数百毫秒到数秒的刺激持续时间至关重要。此外，参数设计和相关分析的使用使我们能够更好地了解大脑处理时间信息的位置和方式。此外，通过将功能磁共振成像与精神药理学操作相结合，我们可以开始揭示健康人脑中认知、神经化学和解剖学之间的复杂关系。本章提供了一个概述的持续时间估计和时间预测的功能成像文献中的一些关键发现，并概述了技术，可以用来让时间相关的激活更明确地解释。在我们自己的研究中，我们发现，估计事件持续时间，无论是由运动反应还是知觉辨别提供的估计，通常都会招募基底神经节，SMA和右下额叶皮层，并且可以通过这些区域的多巴胺能活动进行调节。相比之下，为了优化行为，无论是为了加快运动反应还是提高感知准确性，将注意力集中在可预测的时刻，都会招募左下顶叶皮层。
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is an effective tool for identifying brain areas and networks implicated in human timing. But fMRI is not just a phrenological tool: by careful design, fMRI can be used to disentangle discrete components of a timing task and control for the underlying cognitive processes (e.g. sustained attention and WM updating) that are critical for estimating stimulus duration in the range of hundreds of milliseconds to seconds. Moreover, the use of parametric designs and correlational analyses allows us to better understand not just where, but also how, the brain processes temporal information. In addition, by combining fMRI with psychopharmacological manipulation, we can begin to uncover the complex relationship between cognition, neurochemistry and anatomy in the healthy human brain. This chapter provides an overview of some of the key findings in the functional imaging literature of both duration estimation and temporal prediction, and outlines techniques that can be used to allow timing-related activations to be interpreted more unambiguously. In our own studies, we have found that estimating event duration, whether that estimate is provided by a motor response or a perceptual discrimination, typically recruits basal ganglia, SMA and right inferior frontal cortex, and can be modulated by dopaminergic activity in these areas. By contrast, orienting attention to predictable moments in time in order to optimize behaviour, whether that is to speed motor responding or improve perceptual accuracy, recruits left inferior parietal cortex.