Foamy virus transactivation and gene expression.
Foamy virus transactivation and gene expression.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-642-55701-9_2
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发表时间：
2003
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Löchelt
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Löchelt
概述了泡沫或泡沫病毒 (FV) 基因表达的模式和机制。就其遗传装备以及用于控制和调节病毒基因组表达的元件而言，FV 是复杂的逆转录病毒。对转录和转录后机制的深入了解表明，FV 是独特的非常规逆转录病毒，与正逆转录病毒明显不同。尽管 FV 的特征不如正逆转录病毒，但它具有几个独特的特征，这些特征对于构建和组装基于 FV 的载体以实现靶向基因递送和疫苗接种目的非常重要。其中一些显着特征与基因表达的 FV 特异性机制直接相关，包括（1）存在用于表达非结构基因的内部功能活性第二转录单元，（2）利用亚基因组剪接转录本进行 Pol 蛋白表达，以及（3）特定转录本的核退出机制不同但尚未了解，从而提高了基因表达的转录后控制水平。最后，病毒反式激活子不仅与病毒启动子相互作用，而且与控制特定细胞基因表达的调控元件相互作用，对于载体开发和 FV 在其天然宿主中的明显非致病性而言是一个重要问题。
An overview of the pattern and mechanisms of spuma or foamy virus (FV) gene expression is presented. FVs are complex retroviruses with respect to their genetic outfit and the elements used to control and regulate expression of the viral genome. The increased insight into transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms has revealed that the FVs are distinct, unconventional retroviruses clearly apart from the orthoretroviruses. Although less characterized than the orthoretroviruses, FVs have several unique features that are important for construction and assembly of FV-based vectors for targeted gene delivery and vaccination purposes. Some of these distinguishing features are directly related to the FV-specific mechanisms of gene expression and include (1) the presence of an internal, functional active second transcription unit for expression of the nonstructural genes, (2) the utilization of a subgenomic, spliced transcript for Pol protein expression, and (3) distinct but not yet understood mechanisms for the nuclear exit of defined transcripts and thus an additional level of posttranscriptional control of gene expression. Finally, the interactions of the viral transactivator not only with both viral promoters but also with regulatory elements controlling the expression of defined cellular genes are an important issue with respect to vector development and the apparent apathogenicity of FVs in their natural hosts.