Galanin-like peptide: neural regulator of energy homeostasis and reproduction.
Galanin-like peptide: neural regulator of energy homeostasis and reproduction.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-0346-0228-0_18
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. Lawrence;G. Fraley
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Lawrence;G. Fraley
甘丙肽样肽(GALP)于1999年在猪下丘脑中被发现，是一种由60个氨基酸组成的神经肽。Galp在第9-21位与Galanin(1-13)序列同源，并可与三种Galanin受体亚型(GalR1-3)结合并激活。Galp阳性细胞数量有限，主要分布于下丘脑弓状核(ARC)和垂体后叶。ARC中的Galp阳性神经元投射到大脑的几个区域，在那里它们似乎与几个神经调节剂接触，这些调节剂参与能量平衡和生殖的调节，解剖学证据表明GALP在这些生理功能中发挥作用。为了支持这一观点，GALP基因的表达受到多种因素的调节，这些因素反映了代谢状态，包括代谢激素瘦素和胰岛素、甲状腺激素和血糖。现在有相当多的证据支持这样的假设，即GALP在调节能量平衡和生殖方面具有作用；并且GALP的作用可能独立于已知的甘丙肽受体。在本章中，我们(1)概述了GALP的分布，并讨论了GALP与其他调节能量平衡和生殖的神经调节剂之间的潜在关系；(2)讨论了调节GALP表达的代谢因素；(3)综述了GALP在能量平衡和生殖中作用的证据；(4)讨论了GALP潜在的下游介质和潜在的作用机制；(5)讨论了GALP可能通过一种尚未确定的GALP特异性受体来介导其作用的可能性。
Galanin-like peptide (GALP) was discovered in 1999 in the porcine hypothalamus and was found to be a 60 amino-acid neuropeptide. GALP shares sequence homology to galanin (1–13) in position 9–21 and can bind to and activate the three galanin receptor subtypes (GalR1–3). GALP-expressing cells are limited, and are mainly found in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) and the posterior pituitary. GALP-positive neurons in the ARC, project to several brain regions where they appear to make contact with several neuromodulators that are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and reproduction, anatomical evidence that suggests a role for GALP in these physiological functions. In support of this idea, GALP gene expression is regulated by several factors that reflect metabolic state including the metabolic hormones leptin and insulin, thyroid hormones, and blood glucose. Considerable evidence now exists to support the hypothesis that GALP has a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and reproduction; and, that that GALP’s role may be independent of the known galanin receptors. In this chapter we (1) provide an overview of the distribution of GALP, and discuss the potential relationship between GALP and other neuromodulators of energy homeostasis and reproduction, (2) discuss the metabolic factors that regulate GALP expression, (3) review the evidence for the role of GALP in energy homeostasis and reproduction, (4) discuss the potential downstream mediators and mechanisms underlying GALP’s effects, and (5) discuss the possibility that GALP may mediate it’s effects via an as yet unidentified GALP-specific receptor.