Characterizing the Particle Composition and Cloud Condensation Nuclei from Shipping Emission in Western Europe.
Characterizing the Particle Composition and Cloud Condensation Nuclei from Shipping Emission in Western Europe.
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.est.0c04039
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发表时间：
2020-11
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Chenjie Yu;Dominika Pasternak;James D. Lee;Mingxi Yang;T. Bell;K. Bower;Huihui Wu;Dantong Liu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chenjie Yu;Dominika Pasternak;James D. Lee;Mingxi Yang;T. Bell;K. Bower;Huihui Wu;Dantong Liu
商业航运被认为是大气污染和云凝结核（CCN）的重要来源。为了评估航运对气候和环境的影响，必须对排放点附近的船舶羽流进行详细描述，并了解船舶羽流在顺风方向的演变情况。这项空中测量研究介绍了在新的国际硫排放控制颁布之前，2019年西欧地区颗粒相船舶排放的在线特征。对英吉利海峡硫排放控制区（SECA）和公海（OS）的30多艘船舶进行了测量和比较。SECA内的船舶排放的硫酸盐（SO 4）少得多相比，在OS。当转移到一个较低的表观燃料硫含量（FSC）在类似的发动机负荷，新鲜的船舶排放的颗粒数尺寸分布的峰值从直径约60-80 nm转移到直径低于40 nm。预计2020年公海船舶硫排放法规实施后，硫酸盐的排放因子（EFs）将下降约94%。耐火黑碳（rBC）和有机化合物（EFs）似乎不直接受低硫含量的影响。对于>2.5 nm和>0.1 μm的凝结核（CN），其总浓度预计分别减少69%和56%。测量的羽流演化结果表明，在羽流演化初期，S（IV）向S（VI）的转化率约为23.4%/h，CCN和CN > 2.5nm的比例随着羽流年龄的增加而增加，主要原因是冷凝和凝聚。我们估计，新的硫排放法规将使新船排放的CCN减少80%以上。这里介绍的船舶排放的EFs结果也将为排放清单、政策制定、气候和人类健康研究提供信息。
Commercial shipping is considered as an important source of air pollution and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). To assess the climatic and environmental impacts of shipping, detailed characterization of ship plumes near the point of emission and understanding of ship plume evolution further downwind are essential. This airborne measurement study presents the online characterization of particulate phase ship emissions in the region of Western Europe in 2019 prior to new international sulfur emission controls becoming enacted. More than 30 ships from both the sulfur emission control area (SECA) in the English Channel and the open sea (OS) are measured and compared. Ships within the SECA emitted much less sulfate (SO4) compared with those at OS. When shifted to a lower apparent fuel sulfur content (FSC) at similar engine loads, the peak of the fresh ship emitting the particle number size distribution shifted from around 60-80 nm in diameter to below 40 nm in diameter. The emission factors (EFs) of sulfate are predicted to decrease by around 94% after the 2020 regulation on ship sulfur emission in the open ocean. The EFs of refractory black carbon (rBC) and organic compounds (Org) do not appear to be directly affected by the lower sulfur contents. The total number concentration for condensation nuclei (CN) >2.5 nm and >0.1 μm are predicated to be reduced by 69 and 56%, respectively. Measured plume evolution results indicate that the S(IV) to S(VI) conversion rate was around 23.4% per hour at the beginning of plume evolution, and the CCN and CN >2.5 nm ratio increased with plume age primarily due to condensation and coagulation. We estimate that the new sulfur emission regulation will lead to a reduction of more than 80% in CCN from fresh ship emissions. The ship-emitted EFs results presented here will also inform emission inventories, policymaking, climate, and human health studies.