Archaea in artificial environments: Their presence in global spacecraft clean rooms and impact on planetary protection
Archaea in artificial environments: Their presence in global spacecraft clean rooms and impact on planetary protection
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DOI：
10.1038/ismej.2010.124
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发表时间：
2011-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
11
通讯作者：
Moissl-Eichinger, Christine
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Moissl-Eichinger, Christine
古生物在人工控制的环境中的存在和作用仍不清楚。对古生物的搜索一直集中在自然生物区，在那里发现了数量惊人的古生物，并具有令人惊叹的特性。然而，它们被认为是可能在太空飞行中生存下来的主要微生物群体之一，甚至可能在其他星球上茁壮成长。尽管仍将重点放在需氧细菌孢子作为航天器清洁度的指标上，但太空机构已经开始考虑将古生代细菌作为可能的污染源，可能会影响未来在其他行星上寻找生命的工作。这项研究报告了古生菌16S rRNA基因签名的发现，不仅在美国航天器组装洁净室，而且在欧洲和南美洲的设施中也发现了古细菌16S rRNA基因签名。分子方法显示，在所有采样的洁净室中都存在克伦考古塔，而产甲烷菌和嗜盐细菌的特征只是零星出现。虽然到目前为止，在我们的多分析培养方法中还没有成功地浓缩古生代，但来自欧洲洁净室的样本显示了杆状微生物的古荧光原位杂交(FISH)信号，这是第一次在洁净室环境中看到古生代。对无尘室的首次定量聚合酶链式反应研究支持了古生菌的分子和肉眼检测，估计了其中古生菌的总数量。在这些极端环境中，不同地理位置的古生菌的大量存在表明，这些微生物不仅在自然生物区，而且在人类控制和严格清洁的环境中也发挥着更大的作用。《ISME期刊》(2011年)第5期，第209-219页；doi：10.1038/ismej.2010.124；2010年8月12日在线出版
The presence and role of Archaea in artificial, human-controlled environments is still unclear. The search for Archaea has been focused on natural biotopes where they have been found in overwhelming numbers, and with amazing properties. However, they are considered as one of the major group of microorganisms that might be able to survive a space flight, or even to thrive on other planets. Although still concentrating on aerobic, bacterial spores as a proxy for spacecraft cleanliness, space agencies are beginning to consider Archaea as a possible contamination source that could affect future searches for life on other planets. This study reports on the discovery of archaeal 16S rRNA gene signatures not only in US American spacecraft assembly clean rooms but also in facilities in Europe and South America. Molecular methods revealed the presence of Crenarchaeota in all clean rooms sampled, while signatures derived from methanogens and a halophile appeared only sporadically. Although no Archaeon was successfully enriched in our multiassay cultivation approach thus far, samples from a European clean room revealed positive archaeal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals of rod-shaped microorganisms, representing the first visualization of Archaea in clean room environments. The molecular and visual detection of Archaea was supported by the first quantitative PCR studies of clean rooms, estimating the overall quantity of Archaea therein. The significant presence of Archaea in these extreme environments in distinct geographical locations suggests a larger role for these microorganisms not only in natural biotopes, but also in human controlled and rigorously cleaned environments. The ISME Journal (2011) 5, 209-219; doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.124; published online 12 August 2010