Dopamine and reward: the anhedonia hypothesis 30 years on.
Dopamine and reward: the anhedonia hypothesis 30 years on.
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DOI：
10.1007/bf03033808
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发表时间：
2008-10
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Wise, Roy A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wise, Roy A.
快感缺失假说（anhedonia hypothesis）--大脑多巴胺在与积极奖励相关的主观愉悦中起着关键作用--旨在引起精神科医生的注意，越来越多的证据表明，多巴胺在与食物和水、大脑刺激奖励、精神兴奋剂和阿片类奖励相关的客观强化和激励动机中起着关键作用。这一假说引起了人们对一个明显的悖论的注意，即用于治疗快感缺失（精神分裂症）的抗精神病药物，在实验室动物身上减弱了我们通常与快乐联系在一起的正强化。这一假说只引起了精神病学家的短暂兴趣，他们指出，动物研究反映的是精神抑制剂的急性作用，而精神分裂症的治疗似乎是对长期服用精神抑制剂的神经适应的结果，精神抑制剂缓解的是精神分裂症的阳性症状，而不是包括快感缺失在内的阴性症状。也许是因为这些原因，这一假说在精神病学文献中的影响微乎其微。尽管它对理解精神分裂症的启发性价值有限，然而，快感缺失假说对强化，动机和成瘾的生物学理论产生了重大影响。在学习和记忆的细胞模型中，脑多巴胺在反应习惯、条件偏好和突触可塑性的强化中起着非常重要的作用。多巴胺在强化中起主导作用的概念是成瘾的精神刺激理论、大多数成瘾的神经适应理论以及当前条件强化和奖励预测理论的基础。正确理解，它也是最近的激励动机理论的基础。
The anhedonia hypothesis – that brain dopamine plays a critical role in the subjective pleasure associated with positive rewards – was intended to draw the attention of psychiatrists to the growing evidence that dopamine plays a critical role in the objective reinforcement and incentive motivation associated with food and water, brain stimulation reward, and psychomotor stimulant and opiate reward. The hypothesis called to attention the apparent paradox that neuroleptics, drugs used to treat a condition involving anhedonia (schizophrenia), attenuated in laboratory animals the positive reinforcement that we normally associate with pleasure. The hypothesis held only brief interest for psychiatrists, who pointed out that the animal studies reflected acute actions of neuroleptics whereas the treatment of schizophrenia appears to result from neuroadaptations to chronic neuroleptic administration, and that it is the positive symptoms of schizophrenia that neuroleptics alleviate, rather than the negative symptoms that include anhedonia. Perhaps for these reasons, the hypothesis has had minimal impact in the psychiatric literature. Despite its limited heuristic value for the understanding of schizophrenia, however, the anhedonia hypothesis has had major impact on biological theories of reinforcement, motivation, and addiction. Brain dopamine plays a very important role in reinforcement of response habits, conditioned preferences, and synaptic plasticity in cellular models of learning and memory. The notion that dopamine plays a dominant role in reinforcement is fundamental to the psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction, to most neuroadaptation theories of addiction, and to current theories of conditioned reinforcement and reward prediction. Properly understood, it is also fundamental to recent theories of incentive motivation.