Ontogenetic dietary shifts in Deinonychus antirrhopus (Theropoda; Dromaeosauridae): Insights into the ecology and social behavior of raptorial dinosaurs through stable isotope analysis
Ontogenetic dietary shifts in Deinonychus antirrhopus (Theropoda; Dromaeosauridae): Insights into the ecology and social behavior of raptorial dinosaurs through stable isotope analysis
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恐爪龙（兽脚亚目；驰龙科）的个体发生饮食变化：通过稳定同位素分析深入了解猛禽恐龙的生态和社会行为
DOI：
10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109780
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Cifelli, R.L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Frederickson, J.A.;Engel, M.H.;Cifelli, R.L.
这种高智商、群体狩猎的猛禽形象已经在科学文献和流行作品中根深蒂固。最早被提出来解释北美早白垩世的大型禽龙类Tenontosaurus tilletti和大型恐爪龙类Deinonychus antirrhopus的相对常见的共存，在过去的三十年里，犬科动物般的社会狩猎结构已经成为流行作品中对驰龙类的标准描述。然而，这种重建是有问题的，主要是因为在现代主龙中很少观察到高度协调的狩猎策略。这导致了另一种假设，即D. antirrhopus更类似于好斗的爬行动物食肉动物，如科莫多龙（Varanus komodoensis）。这两种类似物之间的许多差异之一是社会和非社会生物如何抚养它们的后代，根据个体发育饮食变化的存在或不存在产生诊断模式。为了检测生长过程中的饮食变化，对小冠（冠高<4.5mm）和大冠（冠高> 9mm）的牙碳酸盐进行了稳定碳氧同位素（δ 13 C，δ 18 O）分析。来自早白垩世Cloverly（蒙大拿州）和Antlers（俄克拉荷马州）地层的两个微型地点的安蒂鲁普斯标本。另外，还测试了来自克罗弗利组（Cloverly Formation）的goniopholidid crocodylians和Tenontosaurus tilletti的牙齿，以进行比较。结果表明，Cloverly goniopholidids，像他们的现代同行，经历了一个明显的过渡饮食，因为他们的成长。最小的牙齿是相对最丰富的13 C（平均值=-9.32 ‰;n= 5），中等大小的牙齿是最缺乏的13 C（平均值=-10.56 ‰; n = 5），最大的牙齿是中间（平均值=-10.12 ‰;n= 6）。这些因素是现代不合群爬行动物饮食变化的特征。从两个岩石单元采集的牙齿样本显示出相同的模式，小牙齿更富含13 C（平均值=-8.99 ‰;n= 10），而大牙齿更缺乏13 C（平均值=-10.38 ‰; n = 10）。这些差异表明，两个组的幼年和成年反鞭金蜱可能消耗不同的猎物。假设的食物来源，如T。tilletti的13 C同位素信号与成虫的13 C同位素信号接近，这与两个物种之间的假设营养关系（捕食者-被捕食者）相一致。幼年的反鞭金蛙的食物中13 C含量更高，可能由体型较小但营养价值较高的物种组成。总而言之，这些数据增加了越来越多的证据表明D.按照现代哺乳动物的标准，安提罗普斯并不是一个复杂的社会性猎手。
The image of the highly intelligent, pack-hunting raptor has become engrained in scientific literature and popular works alike. First proposed to explain the relatively common co-occurrence of the large-bodied iguanodontianTenontosaurus tillettiand the wolf-sizedDeinonychus antirrhopusfrom the Lower Cretaceous of North America, a canid-like social hunting structure has become the standard depiction of dromaeosaurs in popular works over the last three decades. This reconstruction is, however, problematic largely due to the fact that highly coordinated hunting strategies are rarely observed in modern archosaurs. This has led to the alternative hypothesis thatD.antirrhopuswas more analogous to agonistic reptilian carnivores, like the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis). Among the many differences between these two analogs is how social and asocial organisms rear their young, producing a diagnostic pattern based on the presence or absence of ontogenetic dietary changes. In order to test for dietary changes through growth, stable carbon and oxygen isotope (δ13C, δ18O) analysis was performed on tooth carbonate from small (<4.5 mm crown height) and large (>9 mm crown height)D. antirrhopusspecimens from two microsites from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly (Montana) and Antlers (Oklahoma) formations. Teeth from goniopholidid crocodylians andTenontosaurus tillettifrom the Cloverly Formation were also tested for comparison. The results show that the Cloverly goniopholidids, like their modern counterparts, went through a distinct transition in diet as they grew. The smallest teeth were the relatively most enriched in13C (mean = −9.32‰;n= 5), the medium-sized teeth were the most-depleted in13C (mean = −10.56‰; n = 5), and the largest teeth were intermediate (mean = −10.12‰;n= 6). These factors are characteristic of the dietary shifts seen in modern asocial reptiles.D. antirrhopusshowed this same pattern in tooth samples collected from both rock units, with small teeth being the more enriched in13C (mean = −8.99‰;n= 10) and the large teeth being more depleted in13C (mean = −10.38‰; n = 10). These differences suggest that juvenile and adultD.antirrhopusfrom both formations likely consumed different prey. Hypothetical food sources, such asT. tilletti, are close to the13C isotopic signal of adultD.antirrhopus, consistent with the hypothesized trophic relationship (predator-prey) between these two species. JuvenileD.antirrhopushad a diet more enriched in13C, likely composed of smaller-bodied, but trophically-higher species. Taken together, these data add to the growing evidence thatD. antirrhopuswas not a complex social hunter by modern mammalian standards.
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