Habitat structure and ecological drivers of disease
Habitat structure and ecological drivers of disease
复制标题
栖息地结构和疾病的生态驱动因素
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Duffy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. M. Penczykowski;S. Hall;D. Civitello;M. Duffy
生境可以通过对宿主和寄生虫的影响直接影响疾病，也可以通过对疾病的生态驱动因素的影响间接影响疾病。我们用一个浮游生物的案例研究说明了生境和爆发之间的直接和间接联系。我们对湖泊浮游动物齿水蚤18个种群的酵母菌流行病进行了采样。湖泊大小驱动了两类生境结构、捕食避难所大小和分层强度的变化。反过来，这些栖息地因素又通过涉及非宿主物种的两种途径与流行病间接相关。在第一个途径中，较大的湖泊有更大的低通量避难所，以躲避脊椎动物的捕食，并且有更大的水蚤密度，水蚤是一种完全抗性的物种，可以通过从环境中去除寄生虫孢子来降低D. dentifera宿主的疾病风险。在白斑孢菌较多的湖泊，疫情在秋季晚些时候开始，并且规模较小。在第二种途径中，较小的湖泊有较浅的光线穿透，这与更强的热分层和更高密度的无脊椎捕食者（Chaoborus）有关，这些捕食者通过从受感染的宿主释放孢子来传播疾病。分层较弱的湖泊这些捕食者较少，流行病较小。在第二种途径中，较深的光线穿透也可能通过对孢子施加直接死亡来减少疾病。因此，本案例研究表明栖息地结构如何通过对宿主-寄生虫系统的直接和间接影响来影响流行病。随着全球湖泊和其他生态系统栖息地的不断改变，了解这些多重机制可以加强对疾病暴发的预测。
Habitat can influence disease directly, through effects on hosts and parasites, or indirectly, through effects on ecological drivers of disease. We illustrated direct and indirect connections between habitat and outbreaks using a case study in the plankton. We sampled yeast epidemics in 18 populations of the lake zooplankter Daphnia dentifera. Lake size drove variation in two types of habitat structure, size of predation refuges and strength of stratification. Those habitat factors, in turn, indirectly linked to epidemics through two pathways involving nonhost species. In the first pathway, larger lakes had larger hypolimnetic refuges from vertebrate predation and greater densities of Daphnia pulicaria, a completely resistant species that can reduce disease risk for D. dentifera hosts by removing parasite spores from the environment. In lakes with more D. pulicaria, epidemics started later in autumn and remained smaller. In the second pathway, smaller lakes had shallower penetration of light, which correlated with stronger thermal stratification and higher densities of an invertebrate predator (Chaoborus) that spreads disease by releasing spores from infected hosts. Lakes with weaker stratification had fewer of these predators and smaller epidemics. In the second pathway, deeper light penetration may also decrease disease by imposing direct mortality on spores. Thus, this case study shows how habitat structure could influence epidemics through direct and indirect effects on the host—parasite system. Understanding these multiple mechanisms can enhance prediction of disease outbreaks as habitat modification continues in lakes and other ecosystems worldwide.
影响因子：
4.5
作者：
Kirillin, Georgiy;Grossart, Hans-Peter;Tang, Kam W.
通讯作者：
Tang, Kam W.