Occurrence of Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media and Their Biotransformation Products in the Urban Water Cycle
Occurrence of Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media and Their Biotransformation Products in the Urban Water Cycle
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DOI：
10.1021/es2018187
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发表时间：
2011-10-15
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Ternes, Thomas A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kormos, Jennifer Lynne;Schulz, Manoj;Ternes, Thomas A.
开发了一种 LC 串联 MS 方法，用于同时测定原废水和处理后的废水、地表水、地下水和饮用水中的 4 种碘化 X 射线造影剂 (ICM) 和 46 种 ICM 生物转化产物 (TP)。回收率范围为 70% 至 130%，地表水、地下水和饮用水的定量限 (LOQ) 为 1 ng/L 至 3 ng/L，废水为 10 ng/L 至 30 ng/L。在传统的废水处理厂中，碘海醇、碘美丙醇和碘普罗胺的转化率>80%，而碘帕醇的转化率为35%。在污水处理厂废水中总共检测到 26 个高于其 LOQ 的 TP。在有氧条件下进行河岸过滤和地下水入渗后，观察到 ICM TP 模式发生显着变化。这些 TP 主要是在土壤和沉积物的批量实验中，在微生物转化途径的末端形成的。这些极性 ICM TP，例如碘海醇 TP599、碘美丙醇 TP643、碘普罗胺 TP701A 和碘普罗胺 TP643，在饮用水处理过程中没有被去除或仅被部分去除。结果，在饮用水中检测到了多种 ICM TP，其浓度水平超过 100 ng/L，其中碘美丙醇 TP687 的最高浓度为 500 ng/L。
A LC tandem MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of four iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and 46 ICM biotransformation products (TPs) in raw and treated wastewater, surface water, groundwater, and drinking water. Recoveries ranged from 70% to 130%, and limits of quantification (LOQ) varied between 1 ng/L and 3 ng/L for surface water, groundwater and drinking water, and between 10 ng/L and 30 ng/L for wastewater. In a conventional wastewater treatment plant, iohexol, iomeprol, and iopromide were transformed to >80%, while iopamidol was transformed to 35%. In total, 26 TPs were detected above their LOQ in WWTP effluents. A significant change in the pattern of ICM TPs was observed after bank filtration and groundwater infiltration under aerobic conditions. Predominately, these TPs are formed at the end of the microbial transformation pathways in batch experiments with soil and sediment. These polar ICM TPs, such as iohexol TP599, iomeprol TP643, iopromide TP701A, and iopromide TP643, were not or only partially removed during drinking water treatment. As a consequence, several ICM TPs were detected in drinking water, at concentration levels exceeding 100 ng/L, with a maximum of 500 ng/L for iomeprol TP687.