Why makers make what they make: motivations to contribute to open source hardware development
Why makers make what they make: motivations to contribute to open source hardware development
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DOI：
10.1111/radm.12348
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发表时间：
2020-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Spaeth, Sebastian
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hausberg, J. Piet;Spaeth, Sebastian
开源软件 (OSS) 和硬件 (OSH) 是一个更广泛的概念及其相关运动的两种表达方式。与这些现象相关的最基本的问题之一是开发商为何将其私人资源贡献给这些公共产品。虽然这个问题已经在 OSS 的背景下进行了讨论、理论化和实证研究，但迄今为止还没有在 OSH 的背景下进行研究。我们真的可以假设 OSH 发展背后的动机与 OSS 背后的动机相同吗？基于自我决定理论（SDT），我们对职业安全与卫生发展贡献背后的动机提供独到的见解。我们从最常见、最活跃的 3D 打印社区收集了数据，这些社区是职业安全与健康发展的主要场所。因此，我们拥有一个独特的横截面数据集，其中包含来自 30 多个不同国家的参与者，使用各种不同的 OSH 平台。我们的分析揭示了几个重要的发现：首先，尽管 OSS 和 OSH 存在不同的可能性、障碍和激励措施，但其动机在某些方面与开源软件非常相似。最重要的是，基于享受的内在动机是影响贡献水平的主要因素。其次，在内化的外在动机中，通过提高自身技能而获得的预期私人利益最为突出。第三，不同的内化外在动机因素对享受型内在动机的影响具有不同的调节作用。鉴于整个制造业的商业模式即将发生变化，以适应职业安全与卫生日益构成的挑战，我们的研究结果不仅对职业安全与健康社区和 3D 开发平台具有重要意义，而且对那些想要并且可能很快就必须参与开放式创新的企业也具有重要意义。
Open source software (OSS) and hardware (OSH) are two expressions of one broader concept and its related movement. One of the most fundamental questions relating to these phenomena is why developers contribute their private resources to these public goods. While this question has been discussed, theorized, and empirically investigated in the context of OSS, there has been no research so far in the context of OSH. Can we really assume the motivations behind the development of the OSH to be the same as those behind OSS? Based on the self-determination theory (SDT), we provide original insights into the motivations behind contributions to OSH development. We collected data from the most common and active 3D printing communities, which are the main loci of OSH development. We thus have a unique cross-sectional data set with participants from over 30 different countries using all kinds of different OSH platforms. Our analysis reveals several important findings: firstly, the motivations are in some aspects very similar to those in open source software notwithstanding different possibilities, hurdles, and incentives regarding the OSS and OSH. Above all, enjoyment-based intrinsic motivation is a major factor affecting contribution levels. Secondly, among internalized extrinsic motivations, expected private benefits through improving own skills stands out. Thirdly, different factors of internalized extrinsic motivations can have different moderating effects on the effect of enjoyment-based intrinsic motivation. Given the imminent changes in business models throughout manufacturing industries in order to adapt to the challenge that OSH will increasingly pose, our findings have important implications not only for OSH communities and 3D development platforms, but also for businesses that want and probably soon have to engage in open innovation.