Comparative health impact assessment of local and regional particulate air pollutants in Scandinavia
Comparative health impact assessment of local and regional particulate air pollutants in Scandinavia
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DOI：
10.1639/0044-7447(2005)034
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发表时间：
2005-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
Järvholm, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Forsberg, B;Hansson, HC;Järvholm, B
正在进行的欧洲清洁空气计划（CAFE）是欧盟委员会的一项倡议，旨在建立协调一致的努力，以改善欧盟的空气质量。重点是颗粒物，因为它已被证明对人类健康有很大的影响。CAFE要求世卫组织对空气污染物与健康的最新研究结果进行审查，以便评估不同的空气污染物及其对健康的影响。世卫组织关于欧洲空气污染健康方面的审查项目证实，尽管我们今天面临的水平较低，但暴露于颗粒物（PM）仍然对人类健康构成重大风险。使用建议的统一风险系数进行PM的健康影响评估，无论来源如何，与远距离传输的人为颗粒物相关的过早死亡率估计为瑞典人口每年约3500人死亡，相当于预期寿命减少约7个月。由于将可用风险系数与暴露数据联系起来时存在很大的不确定性，当地来源的影响更难估计，但估计表明每年约有1800人死亡，预期寿命减少约2-3个月。然而，人口中的某些部分受到当地引起的浓度相当高的影响，预期寿命可能会过度缩短。由于文献越来越多地支持燃烧相关颗粒物与较高相对风险相关的假设，进一步的研究可能会转移减排战略的重点。CAFE着手建立一个具有成本效益的大气颗粒物减排战略。我们的研究结果，基于背景暴露的研究，表明长距离传输的硫酸盐丰富的颗粒占主导地位的PM在瑞典的健康影响。整个斯堪的纳维亚和许多受跨界空气污染影响的国家也会出现同样的结果。然而，一些健康研究，包括具有更精细空间分辨率的流行病学研究表明，发动机排气颗粒比其他颗粒对健康的危害更大。必须理解这些相互矛盾的研究结果，专家机构必须确定具体来源的风险估计，否则就不可能为欧洲找到最具成本效益的减排战略。我们不满意今天的情况，每一个战略，以减少颗粒物浓度估计有相同的影响，每单位的质量浓度变化。显然，迫切需要在流行病学和健康影响评估中引入更具体的接触变量和更高的地理分辨率。
The ongoing program Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) is an initiative from the EU Commission to establish a coordinated effort to reach better air quality in the EU. The focus is on particulate matter as it has been shown to have large impact on human health. CAFE requested that WHO make a review of the latest findings on air pollutants and health to facilitate assessments of the different air pollutants and their health effects. The WHO review project on health aspects of air pollution in Europe confirmed that exposure to particulate matter (PM), despite the lower levels we face today, still poses a significant risk to human health. Using the recommended uniform risk coefficients for health impact assessment of PM, regardless of sources, premature mortality related to long-range transported anthropogenic particles has been estimated to be about 3500 deaths per year for the Swedish population, corresponding to a reduction in life expectancy of up to about seven months. The influence of local sources is more difficult to estimate due to large uncertainties when linking available risk coefficients to exposure data, but the estimates indicate about 1800 deaths brought forward each year with a life expectancy reduction of about 2-3 months. However, some sectors of the population are exposed to quite high locally induced concentrations and are likely to suffer excessive reductions in life expectancy. Since the literature increasingly supports assumptions that combustion related particles are associated with higher relative risks, further studies may shift the focus for abatement strategies. CAFE sets out to establish a general cost effective abatement strategy for atmospheric particles. Our results, based on studies of background exposure, show that long-range transported sulfate rich particles dominate the health effects of PM in Sweden. The same results would be found for the whole of Scandinavia and many countries influenced by transboundary air pollution. However, several health studies, including epidemiological studies with a finer spatial resolution, indicate that engine exhaust particles are more damaging to health than other particles. These contradictory findings must be understood and source specific risk estimates have to be established by expert bodies, otherwise it will not be possible to find the most cost effective abatement strategy for Europe. We are not happy with today's situation where every strategy to reduce PM concentrations is estimated to have the same impact per unit change in the mass concentration. Obviously there is a striking need to introduce more specific exposure variables and a higher geographical resolution in epidemiology as well as in health impact assessments.