Genome-wide epigenomic profiling for biomarker discovery.

Genome-wide epigenomic profiling for biomarker discovery.
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DOI:
10.1186/s13148-016-0284-4
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发表时间:
2016
影响因子:
5.7
通讯作者:
Marks H
Marks H
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Dirks RA;Stunnenberg HG;Marks H

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许多疾病都是由表观遗传模式的改变引起或表征的,包括 DNA 甲基化、翻译后组蛋白修饰或染色质结构的变化。表观基因组的这些变化代表了疾病分层和个性化医疗的非常有趣的信息层。传统上,表观基因组分析需要大量细胞,而临床样本很少能获得这些细胞。此外,在分析临床样本以发现公正的全基因组生物标志物时,细胞异质性使分析变得复杂。近年来,全基因组表观基因组分析的小型化取得了巨大进展,使得大规模表观遗传生物标志物筛选能够用于疾病诊断、预后和患者来源样本的分层。所有主要的全基因组分析技术现已缩小规模和/或与单细胞读数兼容,包括:(i) 亚硫酸氢盐测序以确定碱基对分辨率的 DNA 甲基化,(ii) ChIP-Seq 识别基因组上的蛋白质结合位点,(iii) DN​​aseI-Seq/ATAC-Seq 分析开放染色质,以及 (iv) 4C-Seq 和 HiC-Seq 确定染色体的空间组织。在这篇综述中,我们概述了当前全基因组表观基因组分析技术以及允许这些测定小型化至单细胞水平的主要技术进步。对于这些技术中的每一项,我们都会评估它们在未来生物标志物发现中的应用。我们将重点关注(i)这些技术与临床样本保存方法的兼容性,包括存储大量患者样本的生物库所使用的方法,以及(ii)这些技术的自动化,以实现稳健的样本制备和提高通量。
A myriad of diseases is caused or characterized by alteration of epigenetic patterns, including changes in DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, or chromatin structure. These changes of the epigenome represent a highly interesting layer of information for disease stratification and for personalized medicine. Traditionally, epigenomic profiling required large amounts of cells, which are rarely available with clinical samples. Also, the cellular heterogeneity complicates analysis when profiling clinical samples for unbiased genome-wide biomarker discovery. Recent years saw great progress in miniaturization of genome-wide epigenomic profiling, enabling large-scale epigenetic biomarker screens for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and stratification on patient-derived samples. All main genome-wide profiling technologies have now been scaled down and/or are compatible with single-cell readout, including: (i) Bisulfite sequencing to determine DNA methylation at base-pair resolution, (ii) ChIP-Seq to identify protein binding sites on the genome, (iii) DNaseI-Seq/ATAC-Seq to profile open chromatin, and (iv) 4C-Seq and HiC-Seq to determine the spatial organization of chromosomes. In this review we provide an overview of current genome-wide epigenomic profiling technologies and main technological advances that allowed miniaturization of these assays down to single-cell level. For each of these technologies we evaluate their application for future biomarker discovery. We will focus on (i) compatibility of these technologies with methods used for clinical sample preservation, including methods used by biobanks that store large numbers of patient samples, and (ii) automation of these technologies for robust sample preparation and increased throughput.
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