HYBRIDIZATION AS AN EVOLUTIONARY STIMULUS
HYBRIDIZATION AS AN EVOLUTIONARY STIMULUS
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DOI：
10.2307/2405784
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发表时间：
1954-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
STEBBINS, GL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ANDERSON, E;STEBBINS, GL
本文提出的两个假说基于两组已确定的事实。（1）进化并非以缓慢、匀速的速率进行。曾有过创造性活动的爆发期，例如当大型淡水湖（贝加尔湖、坦噶尼喀湖、拉瑙湖）全新形成时。（2）在人类的影响下，进化已大大加速。在驯化条件下的动植物以及在受到极大干扰的栖息地中的杂草物种和种群都发生了快速进化。基于这些事实，并根据近期对基因渗入的研究，提出了以下假说：在这些创造性进化爆发期的进化速度很可能是由于杂交。在这样的时期，多样的动物群和植物群在新的或受到极大干扰的栖息地环境中汇聚在一起，一些杂交后代在这种环境中会具有选择优势。在受到干扰的栖息地中反复出现的加速基因渗入现象绝非与一般进化理论无关，而是具有极其重要的意义，它表明在一种新的生态主导因素（在此情况下是人类）的影响下，进化能够以快得多的速度进行。这样一种因素可能使多样的动物群和植物群相互接触。更为重要的是创造了各种新的、或多或少开阔的栖息地，在这些栖息地中，具有部分杂交血统的新变异体具有选择优势。我们在自家花园、庭院、垃圾场和路边看到的加速进化很可能是先前生态主导因素崛起过程中所发生情况的典型代表。最早进入孤立大陆或岛屿的脊椎动物、最早的大型食草爬行动物、最早的食草哺乳动物肯定在它们所处的时代对生物群落造成了类似的破坏。这些论点得到了各种实验和分类学数据的支持。
The two hypotheses set forth in this paper are based upon two sets of established facts. (1) Evolution has not proceeded at a slow, uniform rate. There have been bursts of creative activity as for example when large, fresh water lakes (Baikal, Tanganyika, Lanao) were created de novo. (2) Under the influence of man evolution has been greatly accelerated. There has been a rapid evolution of plants and animals under domestication and of weed species and races in greatly disturbed habitats. From these facts, and on the basis of recent studies of introgression, the following hypotheses are suggested: The rapidity of evolution in these bursts of creative evolution may well have been due to hybridization. At such times diverse faunas and floras were brought together in the presence of new or greatly disturbed habitats where some hybrid derivates would have been at a selective advantage. Far from being without bearing on general theories of evolution, the repeated demonstrations of accelerated introgression in disturbed habitats is of tremendous significance, showing how much more rapidly evolution can proceed under the impact of a new ecological dominant (in this case, Man). Such an agent may bring diverse faunas and floras into contact. Even more important is the creation of various new, more or less open habitats in which novel deviates of partially hybrid ancestry are at a selective advantage. The enhanced evolution which we see in our own gardens, dooryards, dumps and roadsides may well be typical of what happened during the rise of previous ecological dominants. The first vertebrates to enter isolated continents or islands, the first great herbivorous reptiles, the first herbivorous mammals must have created similar havoc upon the biotae of their own times. These arguments are supported by various kinds of experimental and taxonomic data.