The Late Upper Palaeolithic and earliest Mesolithic evidence of burials in Europe
The Late Upper Palaeolithic and earliest Mesolithic evidence of burials in Europe
复制标题
欧洲旧石器时代晚期和最早中石器时代墓葬的证据
DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2017.0264
复制
发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jörg Orschiedt
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jörg Orschiedt
旧石器时代晚期（距今14 000-11 600 cal年，距今BP）的墓葬在欧洲是一个罕见的现象。有几个地方发现了单人和双人墓葬。与之前的抹大拉时期一样，在同一个墓穴中埋葬两个人以上似乎是不寻常的，但偶尔也会发生。有或没有切割痕迹的孤立和分离的人类遗骸的沉积似乎也属于抹大拉时代的背景。在旧石器时代的最后阶段（距今13000 - 11600 cal years BP），有证据表明出现了类似墓地的墓群，这与马格达莱尼时期的证据形成对比，相反，与随后的中石器时代有一些相似之处。最早的中石器时代墓葬（11 600-10 500 cal BP）是一个非常罕见的现象，覆盖了从全新世早期的前北方纪开始到北方纪开始的短时间跨度。这里的证据包括单一的尸体，类似墓地的结构和一些孤立的人类遗骸。在旧石器时代末期和中石器时代早期，洞穴和岩石掩体都是最常见的人类埋葬场所。虽然从LUP到早期中石器时代墓葬具有时间连续性的遗址数量很少，但有几个方面表明，这一时期的墓葬模式总体上是连续性的。除了这种连续性之外，中石器时代的墓葬总体上似乎代表了墓葬习俗多样性的一个新水平。这篇文章是“进化死亡学：死亡对人类和其他动物的影响”主题的一部分。
Burials of the Late Palaeolithic (14 000–11 600 cal years before present, henceforth BP) are a rare phenomenon in Europe. Several sites possess burials of single and double individuals. As with the preceding Magdalenian, the burial of more than two individuals in the same grave cutting seems to be unusual, but does occur occasionally. The deposition of isolated and disarticulated human remains with or without cut marks seems additionally to belong to the Magdalenian context. In the final Palaeolithic phase (13 000–11 600 cal years BP) there is evidence for cemetery-like clusters of burials, which contrast to the Magdalenian evidence, instead showing some similarities with the succeeding Mesolithic. The earliest Mesolithic burials 11 600–10 500 cal BP) are a very rare phenomenon, covering a short time span between the beginning of the Preboreal and the beginning of the Boreal phase of the early Holocene. Here the evidence includes single inhumations, cemetery-like structures and a number of isolated human remains. Caves and rock shelters were the most common places for inhumations in both the final Palaeolithic and the early Mesolithic. Although the number of sites with a chronological continuity from the LUP to the Early Mesolithic burial is low, several aspects indicate a general continuity in burial patterns over this period. Apart from this continuity, the Mesolithic burials in general seem to represent a new level of diversity in burial practices. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.