Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations.
Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations.
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DOI：
10.1002/ieam.1508
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发表时间：
2014-04
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Escher, Beate I.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mayer, Philipp;Parkerton, Thomas F.;Adams, Rachel G.;Cargill, John G.;Gan, Jay;Gouin, Todd;Gschwend, Philip M.;Hawthorne, Steven B.;Helm, Paul;Witt, Gesine;You, Jing;Escher, Beate I.
被动采样方法（PSM）允许量化有机污染物的自由溶解浓度（Cfree），即使在复杂的基质中，如沉积物。Cfree与污染物的化学活性直接相关，而化学活性驱动着各种自发过程，包括底栖生物的扩散吸收和与上覆水柱的交换。因此，Cfree提供了比总沉积物浓度更相关的剂量度量。PSM的最新发展显着提高了我们可靠地测量非常低水平的Cfree的能力。PSM在沉积物中的应用最好在平衡状态下进行，其中沉积物中的自由溶解浓度通过分析物特定的分配比与采样器中的测量浓度有很好的联系。然后，可以通过使用具有不同表面与体积比的被动采样器测量时间序列或单个时间点来确保平衡条件。也可以在动力学范围内进行采样，通常涉及使用性能参比化合物进行校准。基于以往对疏水性有机污染物的研究，认为Cfree可以直接评价1）沉积物与上覆水之间的污染物交换和平衡状态，2）底栖生物累积性，3）对底栖生物的潜在毒性。因此，使用PSM来测量Cfree提供了一个更好的基础，机制的命运和运输过程中的沉积物的理解，并有可能显着提高风险评估和管理的污染沉积物。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10：197-209.© 2014作者。综合环境评估和管理出版的威利期刊，公司。关于SETAC
Passive sampling methods (PSMs) allow the quantification of the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of an organic contaminant even in complex matrices such as sediments. Cfree is directly related to a contaminant's chemical activity, which drives spontaneous processes including diffusive uptake into benthic organisms and exchange with the overlying water column. Consequently, Cfree provides a more relevant dose metric than total sediment concentration. Recent developments in PSMs have significantly improved our ability to reliably measure even very low levels of Cfree. Application of PSMs in sediments is preferably conducted in the equilibrium regime, where freely dissolved concentrations in the sediment are well-linked to the measured concentration in the sampler via analyte-specific partition ratios. The equilibrium condition can then be assured by measuring a time series or a single time point using passive samplers with different surface to volume ratios. Sampling in the kinetic regime is also possible and generally involves the application of performance reference compounds for the calibration. Based on previous research on hydrophobic organic contaminants, it is concluded that Cfree allows a direct assessment of 1) contaminant exchange and equilibrium status between sediment and overlying water, 2) benthic bioaccumulation, and 3) potential toxicity to benthic organisms. Thus, the use of PSMs to measure Cfree provides an improved basis for the mechanistic understanding of fate and transport processes in sediments and has the potential to significantly improve risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:197–209. © 2014 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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