Mucosal regulatory cells in the gastrointestinal tract and periodontium.
Mucosal regulatory cells in the gastrointestinal tract and periodontium.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00335.x
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发表时间：
2010-10
影响因子：
18.6
通讯作者：
I. Takahashi;K. Fujihashi;H. Kiyono
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
I. Takahashi;K. Fujihashi;H. Kiyono
粘膜组织位于身体与外部环境之间的界面，持续与大量的共生微生物接触（图1）。因此，它们暴露于无害的抗原以及潜在的病原体。为了针对此类挑战提供必要的免疫防御，并维持免疫稳态，粘膜内衬的呼吸道、消化道和生殖道配备有粘膜相关淋巴组织 (29)。粘膜相关淋巴组织由两种类型的专门诱导部位组成，即有组织的粘膜相关淋巴组织和广泛分布的效应组织 (22, 31)。有组织的粘膜相关淋巴组织包括派尔氏集结、阑尾和扁桃体。广泛分布的效应组织包括粘膜组织和外分泌腺的弥漫性上皮和固有层区域；淋巴细胞广泛分布在这些效应区。粘膜免疫的基本性质是通过对环境中无数外来抗原（包括对宿主有益、无害或有害的分子）进行适当的识别、反应和适应而发展起来的。这些粘膜免疫的靶抗原主要来源于共生微生物、食物和其他无害抗原，偶尔也来源于病原体。适当的粘膜免疫的发展对于维持健康和预防各种炎症和传染病非常重要。因此，粘膜免疫必须准备好对病原体发起有效攻击，但免疫反应必须受到限制，以避免对粘膜组织造成附带损害。最近，大量研究开始揭示这种微妙的平衡部分是由粘膜调节性 T 细胞维持的 (25, 32)。
Mucosal tissues lie at the interface between the body and the external environment and are continuously in contact with tremendously high numbers of commensal microorganisms (Fig. 1). They are thus exposed to innocuous antigens as well as to potential pathogens. To provide the necessary immune defense to such challenges, and to maintain immunological homeostasis, the mucosa-lined respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts are equipped with mucosaassociated lymphoid tissues (29). The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues consist of two types of specialized inductive sites, namely the organized mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues and widely spread effector tissues (22, 31). The organized mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues include Peyer s patches, the appendix and the tonsils. The widely spread effector tissues include the diffuse epithelial and lamina propria regions of mucosal tissues and exocrine glands; lymphocytes are widely distributed in these effector regions. The fundamental nature of mucosal immunity develops through the appropriate recognition, response and adaptation to countless foreign antigens in the environment, including molecules that are beneficial, innocuous, or harmful for the host. These target antigens for mucosal immunity are derived mainly from commensal microorganisms, food and other innocuous antigens, and are occasionally derived from pathogens. The development of appropriate mucosal immunity is important for the maintenance of health and for protection from various inflammatory and infectious diseases. Thus, mucosal immunity must be poised to launch an effective attack against pathogens, yet the immune response must be limited to avoid collateral damage to mucosal tissues. Recently, numerous studies have begun to reveal that this delicate balance is maintained in part by mucosal regulatory T cells (25, 32).