The influence of landscape position on lakes in northern Wisconsin
The influence of landscape position on lakes in northern Wisconsin
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景观位置对威斯康星州北部湖泊的影响
DOI：
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发表时间：
1997
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
B. Benson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Kratz;K. Webster;C. Bowser;John Maguson;B. Benson
1. 利用威斯康星州北部北温带湖泊长期生态研究中心的数据，我们提出了一系列例子，说明景观设置如何影响湖泊许多物理、化学和生物特性的静态和动态方面。
2. 一个重要的景观属性是湖泊在区域流态中的水文位置。湖泊的位置决定了地下水和降水输入到湖泊的相对重要性，地貌较高的湖泊比地貌较低的湖泊从降水中接收到的输入水的比例更大。景观位置与钙和镁等碱性阳离子的浓度密切相关。
3. 景观位置也会影响湖泊对干旱条件的反应。地貌较高的湖泊对四年干旱的反应是钙质量下降，而地貌较低的湖泊钙质量增加。在长期干旱条件下，湖泊的这些差异反应表明，钙含量本来就低的湖泊（即在水流系统中处于较高位置）的钙浓度将进一步降低。这些减少可能会减少为小龙虾和蜗牛等生物提供合适栖息地的湖泊数量，这些生物的分布受到钙的限制。
4. 景观位置也会影响湖泊中的二氧化硅浓度，地势较低的湖泊的二氧化硅浓度比地貌较高的湖泊高出三个数量级。二氧化硅浓度的差异会影响淡水海绵针的坚固性，这可能会改变沿海地区食物网动力学的某些方面。
5.景观位置影响初级生产力的垂直分布。溶解有机碳的浓度受景观环境的影响，并会影响垂直光穿透，从而影响初级生产发生的深度。
6. 湖泊面积和鱼类物种丰富度与景观位置相关：较大、物种丰富的湖泊在景观中位置较低，而较小且物种较少的湖泊往往在景观中较高。
7. 除了更常见的特定湖泊视图之外，通过采用景观尺度视图，还可以对湖泊动态有更深入的了解，并避免与从单个湖泊结果推断相关的一些问题。
1. Using data from the North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research site in northern Wisconsin, we present a series of examples illustrating how landscape setting can influence the static and dynamic aspects of many physical, chemical and biological properties of lakes.
2. One important landscape attribute is the hydrologic position of a lake within the regional flow regime. Lake position determines the relative importance of groundwater and precipitation input to a lake, with lakes high in the landscape receiving a greater proportion of their input waters from precipitation than lakes lower in the landscape. Landscape position is strongly correlated with the concentration of base cations such as calcium and magnesium.
3. Landscape position also influences how lakes respond to drought conditions. Lakes high in the landscape responded to a 4-year drought with decreases in calcium mass, whereas lakes low in the landscape increased in mass of calcium. During extended dry conditions, these differential responses of lakes suggest that lakes already low in calcium (i.e. in a high position in the flow system) will have further reductions in calcium concentrations. These reductions could decrease the number of lakes offering suitable habitat for organisms such as crayfish and snails whose distributions are limited by calcium.
4. Landscape position also affects silica concentrations in lakes, with lakes low in the landscape having silica concentrations up to three orders of magnitude greater than lakes high in the landscape. Differences in silica concentration affect robustness of freshwater sponge spicules which can potentially alter some aspects of the dynamics of littoral zone food webs.
5. Landscape position can influence the vertical distribution of primary production. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon are affected by landscape setting and can influence vertical light penetration, thus affecting the depth at which primary production can occur.
6. Lake area and fish species richness are correlated with landscape position: larger, species-rich lakes are low in the landscape, whereas smaller lakes with fewer species tend to be high in the landscape.
7. By taking a landscape-scale view, in addition to the more usual lake-specific view, it is possible to reach a more robust understanding of lake dynamics and avoid some of the problems associated with extrapolating from single lake results.