Sense of Self in Baby Chimpanzees
Sense of Self in Baby Chimpanzees
复制标题
小黑猩猩的自我意识
DOI：
10.1016/s0166-4115(05)80004-4
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. Matsuzawa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Itakura;A. Izumi;Masako Myowa;M. Tomonaga;Masayuki Tanaka;T. Matsuzawa
菲利普·罗查特（Philippe Rochat）和他的同事初步提出，小婴儿倾向于进行自我感知并系统地探索自己行为的感知后果，这可能是早期自我意识的起源：生态自我。 Rochat 和 Hespos (1997) 报道称，新生儿区分外部刺激和自我刺激。与自我刺激相比，新生儿在外部刺激后往往会表现出明显更多的寻觅反应（即，头部转向刺激，张开嘴并伸出舌头）。罗查特等人。 (1998) 还报告说，两个月大的孩子在安抚奶嘴上的口腔活动表现出明显的调节迹象，作为模拟与非模拟条件的函数。罗查特和他的同事得出的结论是，这些观察结果被解释为两个月大婴儿自我探索和自我代理感出现的证据。我们试图在幼年黑猩猩身上复制这些发现。我们观察了三只小黑猩猩在两种情况下的寻根反应：自我刺激和外部刺激。在外部刺激条件下，实验者的食指或小棍子接触婴儿的一侧脸颊。在自我刺激状态下，实验者握住婴儿的手，用手指触摸婴儿的脸颊。在Rochat和Hespos中，他们记录并分析了状态、头部运动、嘴巴活动等多项指标。然而，我们暂时只分析了口腔活动。我们发现，与自我刺激以及人类婴儿相比，黑猩猩婴儿在受到外部刺激后往往会表现出更多的寻根反应。
我们还对两只小黑猩猩进行了吸吮实验。实验人员握住奶嘴，将人造奶嘴放入婴儿嘴里。当婴儿将乳头放入嘴中时，疗程就开始了。黑猩猩吸吮时根据测试条件给予听觉刺激，这是一种由六个强度相等的谐波组成的复杂音调。有四种测试条件，每种条件由三种类型的反馈组成，如下：1）静默基线、偶然和稳定；2）偶然基线、1秒延迟和3秒延迟；3）偶然基线、6秒延迟和12秒延迟；4）偶然基线、1/2效率和1/4效率。在测试 1 中，一只幼年黑猩猩在偶然情况下表现出最小吸吮压力的降低。在测试 2 中，一名受试者在 3 秒延迟条件下表现出较短的吸吮间隔。这似乎与人类婴儿的情况相似。我们也许可以根据黑猩猩幼崽的自我探索来假设生态自我。在测试 3 和 4 中，我们没有获得任何刺激条件的影响。这些研究的结果。这些研究是京都大学灵长类研究所黑猩猩发育项目的一部分，由松泽哲郎教授组织。
Philippe Rochat and his colleague tentatively proposed that young infants' propensity to engage in self-perception and systematic exploration of the perceptual consequences of their own action plays and is probably at the origin of an early sense of self: the ecological self. Rochat and Hespos (1997) reported that neonates discriminate between external and self-stimulation. Neonate tended to display significantly more rooting responses (i.e., head turn towards the stimulation with mouth open and tonguing) following external compared to self-stimulation. Rochat et al. (1998) also reported that 2-month-olds showed clear sign of modulation of their oral activity on the pacifier as a function of analog versus non-analog condition. Rochat and his colleague concluded that these observations are interpreted as evidence of self-exploration and the emergence of a sense of self-agency by 2-month-olds. We tried to replicate these findings in infant chimpanzees. We observed rooting responses of three baby chimpanzees in two condition, self-stimulation and external stimulation. In external stimulation condition, the index finger of the experimenter or small stick touched one of the infant's cheeks. In self-stimulation condition, the experimenter took infant's hand and touched his or her cheek with their fingers. In Rochat and Hespos, they recorded and analyzed several measures such as state, head movement, mouth activity and so on. How ever, we analyzed only mouth activities tentatively. We found infant chimpanzees tended to show more rooting responses following external stimulation compared to self-stimulation as well as human infants.
We also carried out sucking experiment with two baby chimpanzees. The experimenter held the pacifier and put the artificial nipple into the infant's mouth. A session started when the infant take the nipple inside the his or her mouth. Auditory stimulus, which was a complex tone comprised of six harmonics with equal intensity, was given to the chimpanzee according to the test condition during their sucking. There were four test conditions and each condition consisted with three types of feedback as follows: 1) silent baseline, contingent, and steady, 2) contingent baseline, 1-sec delay, and 3-sec delay, 3) contingent baseline, 6-sec delay, and 12-sec delay, 4) contingent baseline, 1/2 efficiency, and 1/4 efficiency. In test 1, one infant chimpanzee showed decrease of the minimum pressure of sucking in the contingent condition. In test 2, one subject showed shorter intervals of sucking in 3-sec delay condition. This seems to be similar to human infant's. We may be able to postulate ecological self in baby chimpanzees according to the self-exploration. In test 3 and 4, we did not obtain any effects of stimulus conditions. Results of these studies. These studies were conducted as the parts of the chimpanzee development project in Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, organized by Professor Tetsuro Matsuzawa.