Using the 3D Facial Norms Database to investigate craniofacial sexual dimorphism in healthy children, adolescents, and adults
Using the 3D Facial Norms Database to investigate craniofacial sexual dimorphism in healthy children, adolescents, and adults
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DOI：
10.1186/s13293-016-0076-8
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发表时间：
2016-04-22
影响因子：
7.9
通讯作者：
Weinberg, Seth M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kesterke, Matthew J.;Raffensperger, Zachary D.;Weinberg, Seth M.
背景资料：虽然颅面性别差异已被广泛研究，在人类，相对知之甚少，当各种二形特征表现在出生后的生活。使用横截面数据来自3D面部规范数据库，我们测试了性别二型性颅面软组织形态在不同的age.Methods：一千五百五十五个人，颅面条件预先筛选，年龄在3至25岁之间，被放置在六个年龄定义的类别之一：幼儿，儿童晚期，青春期，青春期，年轻的成年人，成年人。在每个年龄组中，通过ANCOVA对从3D面部扫描中收集的29个传统软组织人体测量数据进行性别差异测试。此外，性别差异的形状进行了测试，使用几何形态测量分析的24个三维面部landmarks.Results：显着（p < 0.05）的性别差异，观察到在每个年龄组的测量涵盖多个方面的颅面复合体。二型性的大小一般随着年龄的增长而增加，青春期后在鼻、颅和面部测量中观察到大的尖峰。在每个年龄段也观察到了显著的面部形状差异（p < 0.05），其中一些双形特征在幼儿中已经存在（眼裂倾斜度），而另一些仅在青春期后出现（下颌位置）。结论：在研究的最年轻年龄组中已经存在几种颅面软组织性别差异，表明这些差异在3岁之前出现。结果描绘了一幅复杂而异质的画面，不同的性状组在个体发育过程中表现出不同的二态性模式。最终的成年男性和女性的面部形状是在青春期之后出现的，但这是由于在早期阶段发生了许多不同的变化而引起的。
Background: Although craniofacial sex differences have been extensively studied in humans, relatively little is known about when various dimorphic features manifest during postnatal life. Using cross-sectional data derived from the 3D Facial Norms data repository, we tested for sexual dimorphism of craniofacial soft-tissue morphology at different ages.Methods: One thousand five hundred fifty-five individuals, pre-screened for craniofacial conditions, between 3 and 25 years of age were placed in to one of six age-defined categories: early childhood, late childhood, puberty, adolescence, young adult, and adult. At each age group, sex differences were tested by ANCOVA for 29 traditional soft-tissue anthropometric measurements collected from 3D facial scans. Additionally, sex differences in shape were tested using a geometric morphometric analysis of 24 3D facial landmarks.Results: Significant (p < 0.05) sex differences were observed in every age group for measurements covering multiple aspects of the craniofacial complex. The magnitude of the dimorphism generally increased with age, with large spikes in the nasal, cranial, and facial measurements observed after puberty. Significant facial shape differences (p < 0.05) were also seen at each age, with some dimorphic features already present in young children (eye fissure inclination) and others emerging only after puberty (mandibular position).Conclusions: Several craniofacial soft-tissue sex differences were already present in the youngest age group studied, indicating that these differences emerged prior to 3 years of age. The results paint a complex and heterogeneous picture, with different groups of traits exhibiting distinct patterns of dimorphism during ontogeny. The definitive adult male and female facial shape was present following puberty, but arose from numerous distinct changes taking place at earlier stages.