Echinococcus multilocularis: Epidemiology, surveillance and state-of-the-art diagnostics from a veterinary public health perspective
Echinococcus multilocularis: Epidemiology, surveillance and state-of-the-art diagnostics from a veterinary public health perspective
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DOI：
10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.027
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发表时间：
2015-10-30
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Deplazes, Peter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Conraths, Franz J.;Deplazes, Peter
泡状包虫病 (AE) 由多房棘球蚴幼虫（后生）阶段引起，被认为是中欧和东欧最严重的人畜共患寄生虫病之一，并且在亚洲大部分地区和北美也出现了这种情况。红狐是欧洲多房艾美耳球虫的主要终宿主，但貉、家狗以及较小程度上的家猫也代表潜在的终宿主。多房田鼠的天然中间宿主主要是田鼠。意外宿主的范围很广，包括许多种猴子、猪、狗和人类，它们通过口服活卵而受到感染。然而，人类 AE 在欧洲是一种非常罕见的疾病；近年来发病率呈上升趋势，且感染率在狐狸中广泛分布，部分地区患病率高达70%。一般来说，受感染的狐狸代表人畜共患风险，这在城市地区可能尤其重要。此外，人们担心人类感染 AE 的风险可能会上升，因为根据其最终宿主的感染情况以及某些地区的高患病率评估，该寄生虫疑似在地理上传播。因此，一些欧洲国家启动了监测和监视活动。近年来，已经开发并验证了几种诊断策略，应用经典的显微镜检测蠕虫，还包括免疫学（ELISA 用于粪抗原检测）和分子测试（通过 PCR 检测粪 DNA）。然而，迫切需要确定这些活动的最低要求和统一方法，以便对欧洲的流行病学状况和不同国家的可比较结果进行可靠评估。 (C) 2015 年由 Elsevier B.V. 出版
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the larval (metacestode) stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, is considered one of the most serious parasitic zoonoses in Central and Eastern Europe and is emerging also in large parts of Asia and in North America. The red fox represents the main definitive host of E. multilocularis in Europe, but the raccoon dog, the domestic dog and to a much lesser extent the domestic cat also represent potential definitive hosts. The natural intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis are mainly voles. The spectrum of accidental hosts is broad and includes many species of monkeys, pigs, dogs and humans which get infected by oral uptake of the viable eggs. Yet, human AE is a very rare disease in Europe; incidences have increased in recent years, while the infection is widely distributed in foxes with high prevalences reaching up to 70% in some areas. Generally, infected foxes represent a zoonotic risk, which may be particularly relevant in urban areas. Furthermore, there is concern that the risk for humans to acquire AE may rise due to the suspected geographical spread of the parasite as assessed by infections in its definitive hosts and the high prevalences in some regions. Monitoring and surveillance activities have therefore been initiated in a few European countries. Several diagnostic strategies have been developed and validated in recent years, applying classical worm detection by microscopy, but also immunological (ELISA for coproantigen detection) and molecular tests (copro-DNA detection by PCR). However, there is an urgent need for defining minimal requirements and harmonised approaches for these activities to allow for a reliable assessment of the epidemiological situation in Europe and comparable results from different countries. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.