CHARACTERIZATION OF TRACES OF PREDATION AND PARASITISM ON FOSSIL ECHINOIDS
CHARACTERIZATION OF TRACES OF PREDATION AND PARASITISM ON FOSSIL ECHINOIDS
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DOI：
10.2110/palo.2019.088
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发表时间：
2020-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Tyler, Carrie L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Farrar, Lyndsey;Graves, Erin;Tyler, Carrie L.
与捕食者和寄生虫的相互作用可以导致在最近和化石海胆上发现的痕迹。然而，确定特定的痕迹标记，特别是在化石海胆，仍然存在争议。为了记录棘球蚴上存在的痕迹形态的范围，并提高我们识别和量化影响棘球蚴的生物相互作用的能力，我们使用博物馆收藏和跨越侏罗纪到最近全球范围内的实地采样对化石棘球蚴上发现的痕迹进行了表征。使用光学显微镜，8,564个海胆标本进行了检查，包括130个物种，并确定了516个潜在的生物相互作用的痕迹。记录每个迹线的形态特征，包括迹线轮廓的形状、最大直径和横截面轮廓。根据共同的形态特征，可以将所有痕迹分为八类：圆形、近圆形、细长形、不规则形、矩形、8字形、缺口形和线形。横截面的特点提供了额外的见解，潜在的跟踪制造商的身份。为了进一步评估这些痕迹的拟议生物起源，通过时间的痕迹多样性进行了检查，并与预期的生态趋势与棘球蚴的多样化，他们的捕食者和寄生虫进行了比较。痕迹多样性随着时间的推移而增加，从始新世晚期开始，与棘状钻腹足类的增殖相一致，这表明生物相互作用在进化过程中得到加强，正如先前使用软体动物测试的几个宏观进化假说所预测的那样。这里提供的形态学描述增强了我们对化石海胆生物痕迹的理解，并有可能确定在整个进化历史中影响海胆的生物相互作用的强度和多样性的时间趋势。
Interactions with predators and parasites can result in traces found on Recent and fossil echinoids. However, identifying specific trace makers, particularly on fossil echinoids, remains contentious. To document the range of trace morphologies present on echinoids and improve our ability to identify and quantify biotic interactions affecting echinoids, we characterized traces found on fossil echinoids using museum collections and field sampling spanning the Jurassic to Recent worldwide. Using light microscopy, 8,564 individual echinoid specimens were examined including 130 species, and 516 traces of potential biotic interactions identified. Morphological characteristics were recorded for each trace, including the shape of the trace outline, maximum diameter and cross-section profile. Based on shared morphological characteristics, it was possible to classify all traces into eight categories: circular, subcircular, elongated, irregular, rectangular, figure-eight, notched, and linear. Cross-section characteristics provided additional insights into the identity of potential trace makers. To further evaluate the proposed biotic origins of these traces, trace diversity was examined through time and compared with anticipated ecological trends associated with the diversification of echinoids, and their predators and parasites. Trace diversity increased over time, starting in the late Eocene, coincident with the proliferation of echinoid-drilling gastropods, an indication that biotic interactions intensified through evolutionary time, as predicted by several macroevolutionary hypotheses previously tested using mollusks. The morphological descriptions provided here enhance our understanding of biotic traces on fossil echinoids, and the potential to identify temporal trends in the intensity and diversity of biotic interactions that have affected echinoids throughout their evolutionary history.