Mechanisms and time course of vocal learning and consolidation in the adult songbird
Mechanisms and time course of vocal learning and consolidation in the adult songbird
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DOI：
10.1152/jn.00311.2011
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发表时间：
2011-10-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Brainard, Michael S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Warren, Timothy L.;Tumer, Evren C.;Brainard, Michael S.
Warren TL、Tumer EC、Charlesworth JD、Brainard MS。成年鸣禽声音学习和巩固的机制和时间过程。 J Neurophysiol 106: 1806-1821, 2011。首次发表于 2011 年 7 月 6 日； doi: 10.1152/jn.00311.2011.-在鸣禽中，基底神经节流出核 LMAN 是一种皮质类似物，是多种形式的鸣叫可塑性和学习所必需的。此外，在成年人中，失活 LMAN 可以逆转通过厌恶强化驱动的学习的初始表达。在本研究中，我们研究了 LMAN 如何促进成年孟加拉雀的强化驱动学习和自我驱动恢复过程。我们首先驱动目标歌曲音节基频的变化，并将 LMAN 失活的效果与干扰 N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸 (NMDA) 受体依赖性从 LMAN 传递到其主要目标之一（歌曲前运动核 RA）的效果进行比较。灭活 RA 中的 LMAN 并阻断 NMDA 受体会导致学习表达出现不可区分的逆转，表明 LMAN 通过 NMDA 受体介导的谷氨酸能传递至 RA 来促进学习。接下来，我们通过保持学习到的歌曲变化同时定期停用 LMAN，评估了 LMAN 的角色如何随着时间的推移而演变。学习的表达在几天内巩固成为独立于LMAN的，表明这种形式的巩固并不是像之前所建议的那样在一夜之间完成，而是可能在歌唱过程中逐渐发生。随后停止强化之后，原始歌曲结构逐渐自我驱动恢复，这表明巩固并不与歌曲变化的持久保留相对应。最后，对于自我驱动恢复，对于强化驱动学习，需要 LMAN 来表达歌曲的初始变化，而不是后来的变化。我们的结果表明，从 LMAN 到 RA 的 NMDA 受体依赖性传递在两种不同形式的声音学习的初始表达中发挥着重要作用，并且这种作用在多天的巩固过程中逐渐减弱。结果支持了一种新兴观点，即皮质-基底神经节回路可以通过对初级运动回路的自上而下的影响来指导学习的初始表达。
Warren TL, Tumer EC, Charlesworth JD, Brainard MS. Mechanisms and time course of vocal learning and consolidation in the adult songbird. J Neurophysiol 106: 1806-1821, 2011. First published July 6, 2011; doi: 10.1152/jn.00311.2011.-In songbirds, the basal ganglia outflow nucleus LMAN is a cortical analog that is required for several forms of song plasticity and learning. Moreover, in adults, inactivating LMAN can reverse the initial expression of learning driven via aversive reinforcement. In the present study, we investigated how LMAN contributes to both reinforcement-driven learning and a self-driven recovery process in adult Bengalese finches. We first drove changes in the fundamental frequency of targeted song syllables and compared the effects of inactivating LMAN with the effects of interfering with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent transmission from LMAN to one of its principal targets, the song premotor nucleus RA. Inactivating LMAN and blocking NMDA receptors in RA caused indistinguishable reversions in the expression of learning, indicating that LMAN contributes to learning through NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission to RA. We next assessed how LMAN's role evolves over time by maintaining learned changes to song while periodically inactivating LMAN. The expression of learning consolidated to become LMAN independent over multiple days, indicating that this form of consolidation is not completed over one night, as previously suggested, and instead may occur gradually during singing. Subsequent cessation of reinforcement was followed by a gradual self-driven recovery of original song structure, indicating that consolidation does not correspond with the lasting retention of changes to song. Finally, for self-driven recovery, as for reinforcement-driven learning, LMAN was required for the expression of initial, but not later, changes to song. Our results indicate that NMDA receptor-dependent transmission from LMAN to RA plays an essential role in the initial expression of two distinct forms of vocal learning and that this role gradually wanes over a multiday process of consolidation. The results support an emerging view that cortical-basal ganglia circuits can direct the initial expression of learning via top-down influences on primary motor circuitry.