Strategies for robust and accurate experimental approaches to quantify nanomaterial bioaccumulation across a broad range of organisms.
Strategies for robust and accurate experimental approaches to quantify nanomaterial bioaccumulation across a broad range of organisms.
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DOI：
10.1039/c8en01378k
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发表时间：
2019-06
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Petersen;M. Mortimer;R. Burgess;R. Handy;S. Hanna;K. Ho;Monique E. Johnson;S. Loureiro;
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Petersen;M. Mortimer;R. Burgess;R. Handy;S. Hanna;K. Ho;Monique E. Johnson;S. Loureiro;
工程纳米材料 (ENM) 环境风险评估的关键组成部分之一是生物累积潜力数据。准确测量生物累积对于有关物质危害和风险的监管决策以及了解毒性机制至关重要。这一观点为在广泛的测试生物体和物种中进行 ENM 生物累积测量提供了专家指导。为了实现这一目标，我们严格评估了三类生物体内的 ENM 生物累积性：单细胞物种、除植物外的多细胞物种和多细胞植物。对于悬浮的单细胞和小型多细胞物种的水暴露，执行可靠的程序来分离悬浮的 ENM 和小型生物体以避免高估生物累积性至关重要。对于许多多细胞生物体来说，区分外表面或消化道中吸附的 ENM 和上皮组织吸收的 ENM 量至关重要。对于多细胞植物，关键考虑因素包括暴露途径和根际的作用如何影响吸收的定量测量，以及去除松散附着在根部的 ENM 的清洗程序的效率尚不清楚。在每个生物类别中，提供了案例研究来说明对每个主要组内的不同物种进行稳健的生物累积实验的关键方法学考虑因素。讨论了 ENM 生物累积测量和解释的全部范围，包括进行生物体暴露、暴露后将生物体与测试介质中的 ENM 分离、量化组织或细胞中 ENM 的分析方法以及对 ENM 生物累积结果进行建模。改进生物累积测量的一项重要发现是迫切需要进一步开发分析方法来识别和量化复杂基质中的 ENM。总体而言，本文所述的讨论、建议和案例研究将有助于提高 ENM 生物累积研究的稳健性。
One of the key components for environmental risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is data on bioaccumulation potential. Accurately measuring bioaccumulation can be critical for regulatory decision making regarding material hazard and risk, and for understanding the mechanism of toxicity. This perspective provides expert guidance for performing ENM bioaccumulation measurements across a broad range of test organisms and species. To accomplish this aim, we critically evaluated ENM bioaccumulation within three categories of organisms: single-celled species, multicellular species excluding plants, and multicellular plants. For aqueous exposures of suspended single-celled and small multicellular species, it is critical to perform a robust procedure to separate suspended ENMs and small organisms to avoid overestimating bioaccumulation. For many multicellular organisms, it is essential to differentiate between the ENMs adsorbed to external surfaces or in the digestive tract and the amount absorbed across epithelial tissues. For multicellular plants, key considerations include how exposure route and the role of the rhizosphere may affect the quantitative measurement of uptake, and that the efficiency of washing procedures to remove loosely attached ENMs to the roots is not well understood. Within each organism category, case studies are provided to illustrate key methodological considerations for conducting robust bioaccumulation experiments for different species within each major group. The full scope of ENM bioaccumulation measurements and interpretations are discussed including conducting the organism exposure, separating organisms from the ENMs in the test media after exposure, analytical methods to quantify ENMs in the tissues or cells, and modeling the ENM bioaccumulation results. One key finding to improve bioaccumulation measurements was the critical need for further analytical method development to identify and quantify ENMs in complex matrices. Overall, the discussion, suggestions, and case studies described herein will help improve the robustness of ENM bioaccumulation studies.