First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.
First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0015399
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发表时间：
2010-11-05
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Giovannoni SJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mason OU;Nakagawa T;Rosner M;Van Nostrand JD;Zhou J;Maruyama A;Fisk MR;Giovannoni SJ
辉长岩层构成了大洋地壳的大部分。由于深海钻探的技术要求，对这种广阔的地壳环境进行采样的机会很少;因此，辉长岩微生物群落尚未得到研究。在综合大洋钻探计划第304和305次考察期间，在位于亚特兰蒂斯地块（北纬30度，西经42度）的1309 D孔海底以下0.45-1391.01米处采集了火成岩样本。通过变性梯度凝胶电泳和测序（Expedition 304）、末端限制性片段长度多态性、克隆和测序以及功能基因微阵列分析（Expedition 305）分析岩石中的微生物多样性。辉长岩的微生物群落是相对depaeroate，由低多样性的变形菌谱系密切相关的细菌从烃为主的环境和已知的烃降解，并有很少的证据，degreea。辉长岩样品中的功能基因多样性用代谢基因的微阵列（“GeoChip”）分析，产生烃降解的基因组潜力的进一步证据-有氧甲烷和甲苯氧化的基因。编码厌氧呼吸的基因，如硝酸盐还原，硫酸盐还原和金属还原，以及碳固定，氮固定和铵氧化的基因也存在。我们的研究结果表明，辉长岩层宿主的微生物群落，可以降解碳氢化合物和固定碳和氮，并有可能采用非氧电子受体的多样性。这一罕见的辉长岩生态系统一瞥为最近在1309 D孔深海辉长岩中发现碳氢化合物提供了进一步的支持。据推测，这些碳氢化合物可能源于非生物的蛇纹石化反应发生在地壳深处，提高了可能性，这里报道的岩屑微生物群落可能利用碳源产生的独立的表面生物圈。
The gabbroic layer comprises the majority of ocean crust. Opportunities to sample this expansive crustal environment are rare because of the technological demands of deep ocean drilling; thus, gabbroic microbial communities have not yet been studied. During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 304 and 305, igneous rock samples were collected from 0.45-1391.01 meters below seafloor at Hole 1309D, located on the Atlantis Massif (30 °N, 42 °W). Microbial diversity in the rocks was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing (Expedition 304), and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, cloning and sequencing, and functional gene microarray analysis (Expedition 305). The gabbroic microbial community was relatively depauperate, consisting of a low diversity of proteobacterial lineages closely related to Bacteria from hydrocarbon-dominated environments and to known hydrocarbon degraders, and there was little evidence of Archaea. Functional gene diversity in the gabbroic samples was analyzed with a microarray for metabolic genes (“GeoChip”), producing further evidence of genomic potential for hydrocarbon degradation - genes for aerobic methane and toluene oxidation. Genes coding for anaerobic respirations, such as nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, and metal reduction, as well as genes for carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation, and ammonium-oxidation, were also present. Our results suggest that the gabbroic layer hosts a microbial community that can degrade hydrocarbons and fix carbon and nitrogen, and has the potential to employ a diversity of non-oxygen electron acceptors. This rare glimpse of the gabbroic ecosystem provides further support for the recent finding of hydrocarbons in deep ocean gabbro from Hole 1309D. It has been hypothesized that these hydrocarbons might originate abiotically from serpentinization reactions that are occurring deep in the Earth's crust, raising the possibility that the lithic microbial community reported here might utilize carbon sources produced independently of the surface biosphere.
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影响因子：
64.8
作者：
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通讯作者：
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