Passive cannabis smoke exposure and oral fluid testing
Passive cannabis smoke exposure and oral fluid testing
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DOI：
10.1093/jat/28.7.546
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发表时间：
2004-10-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Cone, EJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Niedbala, S;Kardos, K;Cone, EJ
Δ9-四氢大麻酚（THC）的口腔液测试提供了一种方便的检测手段，可以检测最近的大麻使用情况。在这项研究中，通过将四名无大麻的志愿者安置在一个体积约为36 m3的小型，不通风和密封的房间中，研究了被动大麻烟雾暴露的口腔液体检测阳性的风险。五名活跃的大麻吸烟者也出现在房间里，每人抽一支大麻香烟（1.75% THC）。在研究阶段的前20分钟内发生大麻吸烟。所有受试者在房间内停留约4小时。使用Intercept DOA口腔样本采集装置采集口腔液样本。采集3份尿液标本（0、20和245 min）。此外，亦收集了三个空气样本，以量度四氢大麻酚的含量。通过酶免疫测定法（EIA）筛选所有口腔液样本中的大麻素（截止浓度= 3 ng/mL），并通过气相色谱-串联质谱法（GC-MS-MS）检测THC（LOQ/LOD = 0.75 ng/mL）。所有尿液样本均通过EIA筛查大麻素（截止浓度= 50 ng/mL），并通过GC-MS-MS检测THCCOOH（LOQ/LOD = 1 ng/mL）。通过GC-MS测量空气样品中的THC（LOD = 1 ng/L）。从4名被动受试者中筛选出总共8份口腔液样本（在开始吸烟后20至50分钟收集），并确认THC阳性，浓度范围为3.6至26.4 ng/mL。在50和65分钟时采集的来自一名被动受试者的另外两份标本筛选为阴性，但分别含有浓度为4.2和1.1 ng/mL的THC。在4小时疗程的剩余时间内，通过EIA和GC-MS-MS检测被动参与者的所有后续标本均为阴性。相比之下，从五名大麻吸食者收集的口腔液样本通常在整个会议期间筛选并确认THC呈阳性，浓度远远高于被动受试者。活跃的大麻吸烟者的尿液样本也在常规截止浓度下筛选并确认为阳性。从大麻吸烟者收集的口腔液标本中观察到THC下降的双相模式，而被动受试者则观察到线性下降，表明初始口腔液污染迅速清除，随后THC在口腔粘膜中螯合。得出的结论是，被动吸入大麻烟雾的口腔液体检测阳性的风险仅限于暴露后约30分钟的时间。
Oral fluid testing for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) provides a convenient means of detection of recent cannabis usage. In this study, the risk of positive oral fluid tests from passive cannabis smoke exposure was investigated by housing four cannabis-free volunteers in a small, unventilated, and sealed room with an approximate volume of 36 m3. Five active cannabis smokers were also present in the room, and each smoked a single cannabis cigarette (1.75% THC). Cannabis smoking occurred over the first 20 min of the study session. All subjects remained in the room for approximately 4 h. Oral fluid specimens were collected with the Intercept DOA Oral Specimen Collection Device. Three urine specimens were collected (0, 20, and 245 min). In addition, three air samples were collected for measurement of THC content. All oral fluid specimens were screened by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for cannabinoids (cutoff concentration = 3 ng/mL) and tested by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) for THC (LOQ/LOD = 0.75 ng/mL). All urine specimens were screened by EIA for cannabinoids (cutoff concentration = 50 ng/mL) and tested by GC-MS-MS for THCCOOH (LOQ/LOD = 1 ng/mL). Air samples were measured for THC by GC-MS (LOD = 1 ng/L). A total of eight oral fluid specimens (collected 20 to 50 min following initiation of smoking) from the four passive subjects screened and confirmed positive for THC at concentrations ranging from 3.6 to 26.4 ng/mL. Two additional specimens from one passive subject, collected at 50 and 65 min, screened negative but contained THC in concentrations of 4.2 and 1.1 ng/mL, respectively. All subsequent specimens for passive participants tested negative by EIA and GC-MS-MS for the remainder of the 4-h session. In contrast, oral fluid specimens collected from the five cannabis smokers generally screened and confirmed positive for THC throughout the session at concentrations substantially higher than observed for passive subjects. Urine specimens from active cannabis smokers also screened and confirmed positive at conventional cutoff concentrations. A biphasic pattern of decline for THC was observed in oral fluid specimens collected from cannabis smokers, whereas a linear decline was seen for passive subjects suggesting that initial oral fluid contamination is cleared rapidly and is followed by THC sequestration in the oral mucosa. It is concluded that the risk of positive oral fluid tests from passive cannabis smoke inhalation is limited to a period of approximately 30 min following exposure.