EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN CRICKET ACOUSTICAL COMMUNICATION
EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN CRICKET ACOUSTICAL COMMUNICATION
复制标题
DOI：
10.2307/2406178
复制
发表时间：
1962-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
ALEXANDER, RD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ALEXANDER, RD
蟋蟀的发声系统包括被盖发声器和胫听器。它起源于蟋蟀科和Tet-tigoniidae成为独立的进化线之前，大概在侏罗纪时期。在蟋蟀中，该系统仅在与生殖活动有关的成年人中起作用，在某些物种中涉及多达6种不同的信号。对8亚科20属90种蟋蟀的声行为进行了比较分析，结果表明，系统中的第一个信号在求偶期间起作用。接下来可能会开发出远程呼叫信号，而攻击性信号则演变为呼叫功能的一个分支。当求爱被打断时产生的声音类似于攻击信号;交配后的计数类似于呼叫;亚社会蟋蟀之间的假定“识别”信号可能与求爱有关。本文提出的证据表明，蟋蟀声通讯的进化变化率和方向受蟋蟀的组成、生活方式和历史等六个主要方面的影响，它们是：（1）一般栖息地（地表和地下物种比植被居民有更多种类的信号）;（2）声学邻居（在同一时间同一地点性活跃的物种从来没有相同的声音行为，而一些相当不同的异域物种有非常相似的3和4信号库）;（3）在其特殊的生活方式中所涉及的行为复杂性（例如，特定种类的交配后行为的精心制作至少两次导致交配后声音信号的发展;（4）已在其剧目中的信号的数量和种类（例如，呼叫信号似乎只是作为求偶信号的产物进化而来的）;（5）最小信息承载单元的性质（语素）in its signals（当物种繁殖或新的信号被添加到一个库中时，必须产生新的语素，在不同的情况下，这涉及不同层次的结构复杂性的变化）;（6）其信号的遗传和生理调节类型（物种差异与CNS控制的不变单位有关;剧目内的信号差异似乎通常取决于更灵活的单位，例如，可以通过听觉反馈或其他外部刺激进行调整）。
The acoustical system of crickets involves tegminal stridulatory apparatus and tibial auditory organs. It originated before the Gryllidae and Tet-tigoniidae became separate evolutionary lines, presumably during the Jurassic Period. In crickets, the system functions only among adults in connection with reproductive activities, involving in some species as many as 6 different signals. Comparative analysis of acoustical behavior in 90 cricket species representing 8 subfamilies and 20 genera suggests that the first signal in the system operated during courtship. Long-range calling signals probably developed next, with aggressive signals evolving as an offshoot of the calling function. Sounds produced when courtship is interrupted are similar to aggressive signals; post-copulatory counds resemble calling; and a presumed "recognition" signal among sub-social crickets may be related to courtship. Evidence is presented to indicate that rates and directions of evolutionary change in cricket acoustical communication are affected by six principal aspects of the cricket''s make-up, its mode of life, and its history, as follows: (1) its general kind of habitat (surface and subterranean species have more kinds of signals than vegetation inhabitants); (2) its acoustical neighbors (species that are sexually active in the same places at the same times never have the same acoustical behavior, while some rather different allopatric species have very similar 3- and 4-signal repertoires); (3) the behavioral complexities involved in its particular mode of life (for example, elaboration of particular kinds of post-copulatory behavior has at least twice resulted in the development of a post-copulatory acoustical signal; (4) the number and kind of signals already in its repertoire (for example, calling signals appear to have evolved only as outgrowths of courtship signals); (5) the nature of the minimal information-carrying units (morphemes) in its signals (when species multiply or new signals are added to a repertoire, new morphemes must be produced, and in different cases this involves changes at different levels of structural complexity); (6) the kind of genetic and physiological regulation of its signals (species differences are associated with CNS-controlled, invariable units; signal differences within repertoires seem generally to depend upon more flexible units which can, for example, be adjusted by auditory feedback or other external stimuli).