A comparison of electric vehicle Level 1 and Level 2 charging efficiency
A comparison of electric vehicle Level 1 and Level 2 charging efficiency
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电动汽车Level 1和Level 2充电效率对比
DOI：
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发表时间：
2014
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Karen Glitman
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作者：
J. Sears;D. Roberts;Karen Glitman
随着电动汽车普及率的增长，确保部署这项新技术以实现长期效率和环境效益最大化非常重要。在本研究中，我们检查了 1 级（120 伏）和 2 级（240 伏）电动汽车供电设备 (EVSE) 的充电效率。充电效率被定义为从电网获取的电力实际被车辆电池占用的百分比。我们在佛蒙特州的 2 辆日产 Leaf 和 2 辆雪佛兰 Volt 上安装了记录设备，以跟踪每个 1 级和 2 级充电活动的充电效率。数据收集于 2013 年 6 月至 11 月期间，以提供一系列气候条件。从 115 次充电中获得了可用数据，平均充电效率为 85.7%。平均而言，2 级充电效率比 1 级充电效率高 5.6%（89.4% vs. 83.8%）。在电池电量低于 4 kWh 的充电中，这种效率差异甚至更大：2 级为 87.2%，1 级为 74.2%。2 级充电的效率增益在低温 (<; 50°F) 和高温 (> 70°F) 下也有所增加。这些结果表明，所观察到的效率提升的影响可能对公共充电站影响最大，因为公共充电站的充电时间往往很短，气候条件也更加多变，而不是住宅充电站。未来的研究应考虑直流快速充电和无线充电的相对效率，以及不同车型和较低温度 (<;32°F) 下充电效率的差异。
As electric vehicle penetration grows, it is important to ensure that this new technology is deployed such that long-term efficiency and environmental benefits are maximized. In this study we examined the charging efficiency of Level 1 (120 Volt) and Level 2 (240 Volt) Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). Charging efficiency was defined as the percentage of power drawn from the electric grid that is actually taken up by the vehicle battery. We installed logging devices in 2 Nissan Leafs and 2 Chevrolet Volts in Vermont to track charging efficiency at each Level 1 and Level 2 charging event. Data was collected between June and November 2013 to provide a range of climatic conditions. Usable data was obtained from 115 charges and mean charging efficiency was found to be 85.7%. On average, Level 2 charging was 5.6% more efficient than Level 1 (89.4% vs. 83.8%). In those charges in which the battery took up less than 4 kWh, this difference in efficiency was even greater: 87.2% for Level 2 vs. 74.2% for Level 1. Efficiency gains of Level 2 charging also increased under low (<; 50°F) and high (> 70°F) temperatures. These results suggest that the impact of the observed efficiency gains may be biggest at public charging stations, where charging times tend to be short and climatic conditions more variable, rather than residential charging. Future research should consider the relative efficiency of DC Fast charging and wireless charging, as well as how charging efficiency varies among vehicle models and at lower temperatures (<;32°F).