COMPARATIVE TAPHONOMY OF DEEP-SEA AND SHALLOW-MARINE ECHINOIDS OF THE GENUS ECHINOCYAMUS
COMPARATIVE TAPHONOMY OF DEEP-SEA AND SHALLOW-MARINE ECHINOIDS OF THE GENUS ECHINOCYAMUS
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DOI：
10.2110/palo.2019.024
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发表时间：
2020-10
期刊：
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Tobias B. Grun;Morana Mihaljević;G. Webb
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tobias B. Grun;Morana Mihaljević;G. Webb
摘要： 动物体内活的clypeasteroid海胆属Echinocyamus被认为是各种生态和古生物学研究的模式生物，因为它的分布范围从极地到热带，从浅海环境到深海。对这一属的深海分析很少见，但对于了解这些重要生态系统及其功能至关重要。 2012年南方测量员探险队在澳大利亚东海岸挖掘了35座深度超过800 m的海山。其中，6艘挖泥船共进行了18次深海刺绳测试。对测试的埋藏变化进行了分析，包括磨损模式、宏观钻孔、微观钻孔、测试上的凹陷、测试染色、测试填充、结壳和碎裂。研究结果在深海环境中进行了解释，并与浅水环境中的刺绳样本进行了比较。结果表明，深海环境中的磨损普遍较高，特别是在走行孔和生殖器孔中，这表明测试可以在海底持续很长时间。这与浅水刺绳形成鲜明对比，浅水刺绳由于早期测试破坏而显示出较低的磨损。宏观钻孔以单孔或成对孔的形式存在，具有类似于石噬菌钻孔的笔直垂直轮廓。微孔非常丰富，很可能是海绵或真菌活动的结果。测试中的凹陷，例如疤痕或凹坑，可能是个体发育过程中创伤或畸形的结果。测试染色很常见，但可变，并且与基于元素分析的 FE/Mn 氧化和自生粘土相关。测试填充以松散或石化的沉积物形式发生。结壳以原始结壳和生物膜的形式存在。测试中未发现宏观生物。生物膜组成与浅水环境的不同之处在于，生物膜中捕获的生物体反映了无光条件或来自水体较高处的颗粒的沉积（例如，颗石藻）。破碎仅限于顶端系统和孔隙区域。对来自澳大利亚海山的深海刺蓝藻进行的首次比较研究的结果表明，微小的测试可以在这些环境中存活很长时间，并经历各种埋藏变化所反映的环境特定埋藏过程。
Abstract: The infaunal living clypeasteroid echinoid genus Echinocyamus is considered a model organism for various ecological and paleontological studies since its distribution ranges from the polar regions to the tropics, and from shallow-marine settings to the deep-sea. Deep-sea analyses of this genus are rare, but imperative for the understanding and function of these important ecosystems. During the 2012 Southern Surveyor expedition, 35 seamounts off the east coast of Australia were dredged in depths greater than 800 m. Of these, six dredges contained a total of 18 deep-sea Echinocyamus tests. The tests have been analyzed for taphonomic alterations including abrasion patterns, macro-borings, micro-borings, depressions on the test, test staining, test filling, encrustation, and fragmentation. Findings are interpreted in the context of the deep-sea setting and are compared to Echinocyamus samples from shallow-water environments. Results show that abrasion in deep-sea environments is generally high, especially in ambulacral and genital pores indicating that tests can persist for a long time on the seafloor. This contrasts with shallow-water Echinocyamus that show lower abrasion due to early test destruction. Macro-borings are present as single or paired holes with straight vertical profiles resembling Lithophaga borings. Micro-borings are abundant and most likely the result of sponge or fungal activity. Depressions on the tests, such as scars or pits, are likely the result of trauma or malformation during ontogeny. Test staining is common, but variable, and is associated with FE/Mn oxidation and authigenic clays based on elemental analyses. Test filling occurs as loose or lithified sediment. Encrustation is present in the form of rudimentary crusts and biofilms. No macro-organisms were found on the tests. Biofilm composition differs from shallow-water environments in that organisms captured in the biofilm reflect aphotic conditions or sedimentation of particles from higher in the water column (e.g., coccoliths). Fragmentation is restricted to the apical system and pore regions. Results of this first comparative study on deep-sea Echinocyamus from Australian seamounts show that the minute tests can survive for a long time in these settings and undergo environmental specific taphonomic processes reflected in various taphonomic alterations.