Did Warfare Among Ancestral Hunter-Gatherers Affect the Evolution of Human Social Behaviors?
Did Warfare Among Ancestral Hunter-Gatherers Affect the Evolution of Human Social Behaviors?
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DOI：
10.1126/science.1168112
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发表时间：
2009-06-05
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
Bowles, Samuel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bowles, Samuel
自达尔文以来，群体间的敌对行为在解释人类社会行为的演变中占据着重要地位。然而，人类祖先在很大程度上是“和平的”还是“好战的”仍然存在争议。我问一个更精确的问题：如果更多的合作群体在与其他群体的冲突中更有可能获胜，那么群体间暴力的程度是否足以影响人类社会行为的演变？使用群体间竞争的进化影响模型和一个新的数据集，该数据集将更新世晚期和全新世早期死亡原因的考古证据与狩猎采集人群的人种学和历史报告相结合，我发现群体间冲突中估计的死亡率水平会产生重大影响，从而允许群体有益行为的扩散，而这对个人利他主义者来说是相当昂贵的。
Since Darwin, intergroup hostilities have figured prominently in explanations of the evolution of human social behavior. Yet whether ancestral humans were largely "peaceful" or "warlike" remains controversial. I ask a more precise question: If more cooperative groups were more likely to prevail in conflicts with other groups, was the level of intergroup violence sufficient to influence the evolution of human social behavior? Using a model of the evolutionary impact of between-group competition and a new data set that combines archaeological evidence on causes of death during the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene with ethnographic and historical reports on hunter-gatherer populations, I find that the estimated level of mortality in intergroup conflicts would have had substantial effects, allowing the proliferation of group-beneficial behaviors that were quite costly to the individual altruist.