Smartphone assisted fieldwork: Towards the digital transition of geoscience fieldwork using LiDAR-equipped iPhones
Smartphone assisted fieldwork: Towards the digital transition of geoscience fieldwork using LiDAR-equipped iPhones
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智能手机辅助实地工作：使用配备 LiDAR 的 iPhone 实现地球科学实地工作的数字化转型
DOI：
10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103969
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
12.1
通讯作者：
E. Carminati
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Tavani;A. Billi;A. Corradetti;M. Mercuri;A. Bosman;M. Cuffaro;T. Seers;E. Carminati
智能手机和平板电脑在内置传感器（尤其是摄像头）、可用计算能力和板载存储器方面的重大进步，正在将这些设备的角色转变为关键的数字平台，地质野外工作正在围绕这个平台进行自我重新设计。这种数字化转型正在改变地球科学家收集和共享多模态多维野外数据集的方式，这些数据集现在可以通过标准化的交换格式和在线数据存储库轻松分发。数字化野外数据集的可访问性增加意味着此类数据产品不再是地理空间/地球科学专家的专利，也是学生、利益攸关方和公众的专利，为整个研究价值链的知识转移提供了巨大机会。地质界对2020年iPad Pro和iPhone 12 Pro上配备的原生LiDAR扫描仪的推出充满了热情和好奇。该扫描仪为数字地质野外工作提供了潜在的范式转变，并将这些设备置于智能手机辅助野外工作的最前沿。在这项工作中，我们回顾了智能手机/平板电脑辅助地质野外工作的进展，并测试了iPhone 12 Pro作为传统地质野外工具替代品的有效性。具体来说，我们评估了iPhone的全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）接收器的地理定位精度，其惯性测量单元（IMU）和磁力计用于方向数据收集的有效性，其照片-视频成像能力，以及该设备新配备的LiDAR在该领域的性能。我们证明，iPhone用于方向和光栅图像数据捕获的性能很高，与模拟罗盘倾斜仪和反射/无反光镜相机相当。虽然定位误差在几米的范围内，但信号的准确性和快速稳定性意味着，除了测量级应用外，iPhone的地理定位功能在大多数现场情况下都是可以接受的。至于iPhone内置的LiDAR扫描仪，它是深度辅助相机对焦和休闲3D露头共享的绝佳工具，特别是对于“软”应用，如地质遗产文档和教学材料的制作（这里我们还提出了一种在Google地图中上传露头模型的简单模式）。然而，在某些情况下，生成的3D模型可能被认为对于详细询问过于粗糙，特别是在表面重建的保真度对分析至关重要的情况下（例如，网格小平面取向估计）。根据我们对数字野外采集技术发展的回顾，以及对iPhone 12 Pro中集成的传感器套件进行的广泛现场测试，很明显，地质野外工作的数字化转型已经成熟，智能手机设备已经成为地质学家传统锤子和手持透镜不可或缺的工具。
Major advances in smartphones and tablets in terms of their built-in sensors (esp. cameras), available computational power and on-board memory are transforming the role of such devices into the key digital platform around which geological fieldwork is redesigning itself. This digital transition is changing how geoscientists collect and share multimodal-multidimensional field datasets, which can now be readily distributed via standardized exchange formats and online data repositories. The increased accessibility of digital field datasets means that such data products are no longer the sole preserve of geospatial/geoscience specialists, but also students, stakeholders and the general public alike, providing great opportunities for knowledge transfer over the entirety of the research value chain.In the wake of this digital transition, the geological community has welcomed with enthusiasm and curiosity the introduction during 2020 of a native LiDAR scanner equipped on both the iPad Pro and the iPhone 12 Pro. This scanner offers a potential paradigm shift in digital geological fieldwork and puts these devices at the forefront of smartphone assisted fieldwork. In this work, we review progress in smartphone/tablet assisted geological fieldwork and test the iPhone 12 Pro's effectiveness as a replacement for conventional geological field tools. Specifically, we evaluate the geo-location accuracy of the iPhone's Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, the effectiveness of its inertial measurement unit (IMU) and magnetometer for orientation data collection, its photo-video imaging capabilities, and the performance of the device's newly equipped LiDAR in the field.We demonstrate that the performance of the iPhone for orientation and raster image data capture is high, being comparable to analog compass-clinometers and reflex/mirrorless cameras. Whilst location error is within the order of a few meters, the level of accuracy and the fast stabilization of the signal means that, beyond survey grade applications, the iPhone's geo-location capabilities are acceptable for most field cases. With regards to the iPhone's built-in LiDAR scanner, it is an excellent tool for depth assisted camera focusing and for casual 3D outcrop sharing, especially for ‘soft’ applications such as geo-heritage documentation and the production of teaching materials (here we also propose a simple mode of uploading outcrops models in Google Maps). However, the generated 3D models in some cases may be considered overly crude for detailed interrogation, particularly where the fidelity of the surface reconstruction is critical to the analysis (e.g. mesh facet orientation estimation). Based on our review of the evolution of digital field acquisition technologies and on our extensive field testing of the sensor suite integrated within the iPhone 12 Pro, it is clear that the digital transition of geological fieldwork is already mature, whereby smartphone devices have become as indispensable in the field as the geologists' traditional hammer and hand lens.
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
J. Walker;B. Tikoff;J. Newman;R. Clark;J. Ash;J. Good;Emily G. Bunse;A. Möller;M. Kahn;Randolph T. Williams;Z. Michels;J. Andrew;C. Rufledt
通讯作者：
J. Walker;B. Tikoff;J. Newman;R. Clark;J. Ash;J. Good;Emily G. Bunse;A. Möller;M. Kahn;Randolph T. Williams;Z. Michels;J. Andrew;C. Rufledt