The Influence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), Including the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Toxic Stress on Development and Health Outcomes of Latinx Children in the USA: a Review of the Literature.
The Influence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), Including the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Toxic Stress on Development and Health Outcomes of Latinx Children in the USA: a Review of the Literature.
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DOI：
10.1007/s42448-021-00080-y
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Moore de Peralta A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Claypool N;Moore de Peralta A
本综述的目的是综合现有文献，利用ACE框架分析不良儿童经历（ACE）（包括COVID-19大流行）和毒性压力对美国Latinx儿童发育和终身健康结果的影响。如果没有足够的保护因素，儿童早期经历的逆境和有毒的压力会影响他们的生理，心理和社会健康。COVID-19大流行加剧了儿童的逆境和有毒压力，并对拉丁裔社区造成了不成比例的伤害。在将ACE框架应用于美国-拉丁裔人群时，强调了ACE可能无法准确捕捉拉丁裔的逆境经历的相关发现，以及将COVID-19大流行归类为ACE的必要性。研究表明，第一代拉丁裔移民报告的ACE率低于平均水平，尽管少数民族在美国面临各种差异。讨论这种健康悖论的产生是因为ACE未能正确识别移民特有的不良经历，还是与移民家庭的保护性文化因素有关。强调了歧视、移民焦虑以及现在与流行病有关的困难的复杂经历，这些经历有可能损害拉丁裔儿童的认知、情感和身体发育。本报告中讨论的循证干预措施包括通过健康的成人关系促进弹性，在儿童生命早期筛查ACE的政策，创伤知情护理和创新治疗方案，以及通过财政和政治支持加强现有的保护服务。
The purpose of this review is to synthesize existing literature to analyze the influence of the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), including the COVID-19 pandemic, and toxic stress on child development and lifelong health outcomes of Latinx children in the USA, utilizing the ACE framework. Without adequate protective factors, children’s early experiences with adversity and toxic stress have implications for their physiological, psychological, and social health. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown to exacerbate childhood adversity and toxic stress and has disproportionately harmed Latinx communities. In applying the ACE framework to US-Latinx populations, relevant findings concerning a potential failure of ACEs to accurately capture Latinx experiences of adversity were highlighted, as well as the need to classify the COVID-19 pandemic as an ACE. Research suggest that first-generation Latinx immigrants report lower-than-average rates of ACEs despite the various disparities ethnic minorities face in the USA. A discussion on whether this health paradox arises because of the failure of ACEs to properly identify adverse experiences unique to immigrants or if it is related with immigrant families’ protective cultural factors. The compounding experiences of discrimination, immigration anxieties, and now also pandemic-related hardship that have the potential to harm Latinx children’s cognitive, emotional, and physical development were highlighted. Evidence-based interventions that were discussed in this report include promotion of resiliency through healthy adult relationships, policies that screen for ACEs early on in a child’s life, trauma-informed care and innovative treatment programs, and strengthening existing protective services through financial and political support.