BEE WASP VENOMS
BEE WASP VENOMS
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DOI：
10.1126/science.177.4046.314
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发表时间：
1972-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
HABERMAN.E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HABERMAN.E
蜜蜂和黄蜂毒液是自史前时代以来人类就不得不与之生活在一起的有毒物质。然而，对它们的组成和行动方式的了解只有10到20年的时间。这种缺乏理解的原因有理论和实践两方面的原因。当毒液应用于个别患者时，其治疗价值并不令人信服；它从未被公正的试验证明。因此，缺乏对应用医学研究的激励。其次，蜜蜂和黄蜂的毒液，就像许多其他“剧毒”动物(如蛇和蝎子，它们的毒液通过咬或叮咬被动有毒的动物来施加毒液，这些动物作为猎物是有毒的)，是高度复杂的医药或生化活性物质的混合物，或者两者兼而有之。产生和分配毒液的器官的复杂的解剖和功能安排，与分泌物同样复杂的生物化学是相对应的。分析这些复杂性的有用工具直到几年前才出现。研究动物毒液有三个原因。药理学家必须处理每一种剧毒化合物，无论它的可用性和实际用途如何。膜翅目毒液就像蛇毒一样，是一种浓缩的生物物质混合物，它们可以作为组织损伤所激活或释放的药物混合物的模型。最后，它们可能被证明对解决生化和药理学问题很有用。仅举一个例子，蛇毒神经毒素，a-银环蛇毒素，是在可兴奋的膜中识别a-银环蛇毒素的重要辅助。
Bee and wasp venoms (1) are toxic substances that man has had to live with since prehistoric times. Nevertheless, knowledge of their composition and mode of action dates back only 10to 20 years. There are theoretical and practical reasons for this lack of understanding. The therapeutic value of the venoms when applied to individual patients is not convincing; it has never been proved by unbiased trial. There-fore, the incentivefor applied medical research is lacking. Second, bee and wasp venoms, like those of many other" actively toxic" animals (such as snakes and scorpions, which apply their venoms by biting or stinging in con-trast to passively toxic animals, which are noxious by serving as prey), are highly complicated mixtures of phar-macologically or biochemically active agents, or both. jThe complex anatomical and functioni, arrangement of the apparatus producing and dispensing venoms has its counterpart in the equal-ly complicated biochemistry of the secretions. Useful tools for analyzing these complexities were not available until a few years ago. There are three reasons for studying animal venoms. The pharmacologist has to deal with every highly toxic com-pound regardless of its availability and practical usefulness. Hymenoptera venoms are-like snake venoms-con-centrated mixtures of substances of gen-eral biological concern, and they can serve as models for mixtures ofagents activated or released by tissue damage. Finally, they may turn out to be useful for solving biochemical and pharmaco-logical problems. To cite one example only, the snake venom neurotoxin, a-bungarotoxin, is an important aid in identifying in excitable membranes a