Living in a physical world - III. Getting up to speed
Living in a physical world - III. Getting up to speed
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DOI：
10.1007/bf02703667
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发表时间：
2005-06-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Vogel, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Vogel, S
生物学中的普遍性是很难的，所以我们珍惜任何能突破生命的压倒性多样性的东西。在他著名的论文《论正确的大小》中，JBS Halfman（1926）指出，无论大小的跳跃动物都应该达到相同的最大高度; Halfman将这一见解归功于伽利略。其他标志性人物也做出了同样的断言--生物力学的祖父乔瓦尼·阿方索·博雷利（Giovanni Alphonso Borelli，1680）;生物力学的教父达西·汤普森（D 'Arcy Thompson，1942）;以及肌肉生理学家之父AV·希尔（AV Hill，1938）。肌肉的力量随其横截面积而变化。肌肉可以缩短的距离随其长度而变化。因此，肌肉所能做的功将随着两者的乘积而变化，实际上是随着它的质量而变化。所有哺乳动物的肌肉质量相对于质量都差不多，大约是45%，其他跳跃动物的差异只是稍微大一点。因此，一次跳跃所做的功应该与身体质量成正比。同时，达到给定高度h所需的能量mgh也应该与体重m成正比（当然，重力加速度g保持不变）。
Generalizations in biology come hard, so we treasure any that cut through life’s overwhelming diversity. In his famous essay,“On Being the Right Size,” JBS Haldane (1926) notes that jumping animals of whatever size should reach the same maximum height; Haldane attributes the insight to Galileo. Other iconic figures make the same assertion—Giovanni Alphonso Borelli (1680), grandfather of biomechanics; D’Arcy Thompson (1942), godfather of biomechanics; and then AV Hill (1938), father-figure for muscle physiologists.The basic reasoning is straightforward. The force of a muscle varies with its cross-sectional area. The distance a muscle can shorten varies with its length. So the work a muscle can do will vary with the product of the two, in effect with its mass. All mammals have about the same mass of muscle relative to mass, about 45%, and other jumping animals differ only a little more. Thus the work available for a jump should be proportional to body mass. At the same time, the energy, mgh, required to achieve a given height, h, should also be proportional to body mass, m (gravitational acceleration, g, of course, stays constant).