Agronomic biofortification of cereals with zinc: a review
Agronomic biofortification of cereals with zinc: a review
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DOI：
10.1111/ejss.12437
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Kutman, U. B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cakmak, I. .;Kutman, U. B.
锌（Zn）仍然是发展中国家的一个重要健康问题，主要是由膳食摄入不足引起的。大量食用锌浓度低、生物利用度低的谷类食品是这一问题背后的主要原因。现代谷物品种固有地具有非常小的Zn浓度，并且不能满足人类对Zn的需要。今天，全球高达50%的小麦种植土壤被认为是生物有效锌贫乏。用于提高作物营养价值的农业策略被称为生物强化策略。其中包括基因生物强化，这是基于传统的植物育种和基因工程，以提高营养浓度，以及更大的农艺生物强化，这是基于优化施肥。本文综述了锌的农学生物强化，这已被证明是非常有效的小麦和其他粮食作物，包括水稻。分子和遗传学研究锌的吸收，运输和谷物沉积在谷物中是至关重要的，以确定“瓶颈”的粮食作物与锌的生物强化。种子中具有大锌浓度的转基因植物通常在受控的实验室或温室条件下进行测试，在整个生长期的生长培养基中具有足够的有效锌。然而，它们可能并不总是表现出相同的性能，在“现实世界”的条件下，有限的化学可用性的锌和各种胁迫因素，如干旱。如果要运输和储存的货物数量是有限的，那么升级后的运输和储存系统又能起到什么作用呢？考虑到实现对人类健康的可测量影响所需的锌浓度远高于避免锌缺乏造成任何产量损失所需的锌浓度，在田间条件下通过土壤和叶面肥策略为作物提供充足的锌对于生物强化工作至关重要。
Zinc (Zn) still represents an important health problem in developing countries, caused mainly by inadequate dietary intake. A large consumption of cereal-based foods with small concentrations and low bioavailability of Zn is the major reason behind this problem. Modern cultivars of cereals have inherently very small concentrations of Zn and cannot meet the human need for Zn. Today, up to 50% of wheat-cultivated soil globally is considered poor in bioavailable Zn. Agricultural strategies that are used to improve the nutritional value of crop plants are known as biofortification strategies. They include genetic biofortification, which is based on classical plant breeding and genetic engineering for larger nutrient concentrations, and greater agronomic biofortification, which is based on optimized fertilizer applications. This review focuses on agronomic biofortification with Zn, which has proved to be very effective for wheat and also other cereal crops including rice. Molecular and genetic research into Zn uptake, transport and grain deposition in cereals are critically important for identifying 'bottlenecks' in the biofortification of food crops with Zn. Transgenic plants with large Zn concentrations in seeds are often tested under controlled laboratory or glasshouse conditions with sufficient available Zn in the growth medium for the entire growth period. However, they might not always show the same performance under 'real-world' conditions with limited chemical availability of Zn and various stress factors such as drought. What purpose can an upgraded transport and storage system serve if the amount of goods to be transported and stored is limited anyway? Given the fact that the Zn concentrations required to achieve a measurable impact on human health are well above those required to avoid any loss of yield from Zn deficiency, providing crop plants with sufficient Zn through the soil and foliar fertilizer strategy under field conditions is critically important for biofortification efforts.