Distally-referred surface electrical nerve stimulation (DR-SENS) for haptic feedback
Distally-referred surface electrical nerve stimulation (DR-SENS) for haptic feedback
复制标题
用于触觉反馈的远端表面电神经刺激 (DR-SENS)
DOI：
10.1088/1741-2552/ad0563
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Fu, Michael J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mesias, Luis;Gormez, M. Akif;Tyler, Dustin J.;Makowski, Nathaniel S.;Graczyk, Emily L.;Fu, Michael J.
目的本研究的目的是了解远端参考表面电神经刺激 (DR-SENS)，并评估电极放置、极性和刺激强度对非残疾个体引发的感觉位置的影响。方法采用两阶段人体实验来表征 DR-SENS。在实验一中，我们探索了 182 个电极组合，以确定最有可能引发与食指隔离的远端参考感觉而不会感到不适的电极位置组合子集。在实验二中，我们进一步检查了这组电极组合，以确定刺激强度和电极位置对感知感觉位置的影响。使用顺序测试的参数估计来评估刺激阈值，并使用心理测量强度测试来表征感觉位置。主要结果我们发现，远离手腕的电极位置可以一致地唤起远端参考的感觉，而没有明显的极性依赖性。手指-手掌组合出现最多的远端感觉，并且该组合的不同变化对感觉位置没有显着影响。增加刺激强度显着扩大了感觉区域，将最远端的感觉向远侧移动，并将垂直质心向近侧移动。此外，在使用对称刺激波形时，肘部的大型阳极引导电极减轻了阳极引导电极部位的所有感觉。此外，这项研究表明，给定感知的最强烈的感觉可以远端参考。最后，对于每个参与者来说，本研究中评估的至少一种手指-手掌组合在感知阈值和最大舒适刺激强度下都起作用。意义这些发现表明，非侵入性表面电刺激电荷调制触觉界面可用于在非残疾用户上引发远端参考的感觉。此外，这些结果还为新型触觉界面的设计以及基于远离手腕的电极上的触觉反馈的表面电刺激的其他应用提供了信息。
ObjectiveThis study's objective is to understand distally-referred surface electrical nerve stimulation (DR-SENS) and evaluates the effects of electrode placement, polarity, and stimulation intensity on the location of elicited sensations in non-disabled individuals.ApproachA two-phased human experiment was used to characterize DR-SENS. In Experiment One, we explored 182 electrode combinations to identify a subset of electrode position combinations that would be most likely to elicit distally-referred sensations isolated to the index finger without discomfort. In Experiment Two, we further examined this subset of electrode combinations to determine the effect of stimulation intensity and electrode position on perceived sensation location. Stimulation thresholds were evaluated using parameter estimation by sequential testing and sensation locations were characterized using psychometric intensity tests.Main ResultsWe found that electrode positions distal to the wrist can consistently evoke distally referred sensations with no significant polarity dependency. The finger-palm combination had the most occurrences of distal sensations, and the different variations of this combination did not have a significant effect on sensation location. Increasing stimulation intensity significantly expanded the area of the sensation, moved the most distal sensation distally, and moved the vertical centroid proximally. Also, a large anodic-leading electrode at the elbow mitigated all sensation at the anodic-leading electrode site while using symmetric stimulation waveforms. Furthermore, this study showed that the most intense sensation for a given percept can be distally referred. Lastly, for each participant, at least one of the finger-palm combinations evaluated in this study worked at both perception threshold and maximum comfortable stimulation intensities.SignificanceThese findings show that a non-invasive surface electrical stimulation charge modulated haptic interface can be used to elicit distally-referred sensations on non-disabled users. Furthermore, these results inform the design of novel haptic interfaces and other applications of surface electrical stimulation based haptic feedback on electrodes positioned distally from the wrist.