Error and attack tolerance of complex networks
Error and attack tolerance of complex networks
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DOI：
10.1038/35019019
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发表时间：
2000-07-27
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Barabási, AL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Albert, R;Jeong, H;Barabási, AL
许多复杂的系统对错误表现出惊人的容忍度。例如，相对简单的生物体生长，持续和繁殖，尽管有剧烈的药物或环境干预，错误容忍归因于基础代谢网络的鲁棒性（1）。复杂的通信网络（2）显示出惊人的鲁棒性：尽管关键组件经常发生故障，但局部故障很少导致网络的全局信息承载能力丧失。这些和其他复杂系统的稳定性通常归因于系统组件定义的功能网络的冗余布线。在这里，我们证明了错误容忍度并不为所有冗余系统所共享：它仅由一类非均匀有线网络（称为无标度网络）显示，其中包括万维网（3-5）、互联网（6）、社交网络（7）和细胞（8）。我们发现，这样的网络表现出意想不到的鲁棒性，其节点的通信能力不受影响，即使不切实际的高故障率。然而，容错是以高昂的代价来实现的，因为这些网络极易受到攻击（即，选择和删除在维护网络连通性方面发挥重要作用的几个节点）。这种容错性和攻击脆弱性是通信网络的一般属性。
Many complex systems display a surprising degree of tolerance against errors. For example, relatively simple organisms grow, persist and reproduce despite drastic pharmaceutical or environmental interventions, an error tolerance attributed to the robustness of the underlying metabolic network(1). Complex communication networks(2) display a surprising degree of robustness: although key components regularly malfunction, local failures rarely lead to the loss of the global information-carrying ability of the network. The stability of these and other complex systems is often attributed to the redundant wiring of the functional web defined by the systems' components. Here we demonstrate that error tolerance is not shared by all redundant systems: it is displayed only by a class of inhomogeneously wired networks, called scale-free networks, which include the World-Wide Web(3-5), the Internet(6), social networks(7) and cells(8). We find that such networks display an unexpected degree of robustness, the ability of their nodes to communicate being unaffected even by unrealistically high failure rates. However, error tolerance comes at a high price in that these networks are extremely vulnerable to attacks (that is, to the selection and removal of a few nodes that play a vital role in maintaining the network's connectivity). Such error tolerance and attack vulnerability are generic properties of communication networks.