The development of communication skills: modifications in the speech of young children as a function of listener.
The development of communication skills: modifications in the speech of young children as a function of listener.
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沟通技巧的发展：幼儿言语作为倾听者的功能的变化。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1973
影响因子：
9.5
通讯作者：
R. Gelman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Shatz;R. Gelman
沙茨，玛丽莲，盖尔曼，罗切尔。沟通技能的发展：幼儿语言随听者的变化。《儿童发展研究学会专著》，1973，38(5，丛书第152号)。这本专著报告了三项关于4岁儿童适应听众能力的研究。在第一个研究(研究A)中，对16个SS进行了“自我中心主义”标准测验的修改版本的预试。随后，研究人员要求孩子们先给成年人讲一个玩具，然后再给两岁的孩子讲这个玩具。有两个2岁的兄弟姐妹的8名SS被进行了两次玩具任务：一次是在成年兄弟姐妹会议上，另一次是在成人非兄弟姐妹会议上。最后，对党卫军和他们的母亲之间的自发对话进行了录音。不出所料，党卫军在“自我中心主义”的测试中表现不佳。相比之下，学生根据不同的听者调整了他们的言语产出。对2岁儿童的演讲包含更多简短、简单的话语和更多的注意力话语。2岁的孩子越小，观察到的言语调整越大。所有的孩子都调整了他们的语言，无论他们是否有更小的兄弟姐妹。在研究B中，获得了五名4岁儿童与一名两岁儿童和一名成年人的不受控制的对话录音。对言语调整的分析揭示了与研究A类似的结果模式。在研究C中，收集了8名4岁儿童与同龄人交谈的磁带，并将其与第一项研究中获得的与母亲的对话录音进行了比较。对同伴导向言语和成人导向言语的分析表明，在话语长度、各种结构的使用和注意话语方面，同伴都被当作成年人对待。这些结果与研究A的结果相结合，表明4岁儿童会根据不同年龄段听者能力的变化而调整自己的语音。这些研究的结果是与以前关于学龄前儿童沟通技能的工作以及可能影响4岁儿童“低调说话”倾向的听者产生的各种线索有关的。讨论了说话人-听话人互动对语言习得过程的影响。此内容从世界标准时间2016年9月21日14：38：28从157.55.39.163下载，所有用户均需遵守http://about.jstor.org/terms
SHATZ, MARILYN, and GELMAN, ROCHEL. The Development of Communication Skills: Modifications in the Speech of Young Children as a Function of Listener. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1973, 38 (5, Serial No. 152). This Monograph reports three studies of the 4-year-old's ability to adjust to a listener. In the first study (Study A) 16 Ss were pretested on modified versions of standard tests of "egocentrism." Following these, the children were asked first to tell an adult about a toy and then tell a 2-year-old about that toy. The eight Ss who had 2-year-old siblings were run on the toy task twice: once in an adult-sibling session, and once in an adult-nonsibling session. Finally, tapes were made of spontaneous conversations between the Ss and their mothers. As expected, the Ss performed poorly on the tests of "egocentrism." In contrast, Ss adjusted their speech production to their different listeners. Speech to 2-year-olds contained more short, simple utterances and more attentional utterances. The younger the 2-year-old, the greater was the observed speech adjustment. All children adjusted their speech whether or not they had younger siblings. In Study B tapes of uncontrolled conversations of five 4-year-olds each talking to a 2-year-old and an adult were obtained. Analyses of speech adjustments revealed a pattern of results like those of Study A. In Study C tapes of eight 4-year-olds talking to peers were collected and compared with the taped conversations with their mothers obtained in the first study. Analyses of the peer-directed versus adult-directed speech showed that, with respect to utterance length, the use of various constructions, and attentional utterances, peers were treated like adults. These results, combined with those of Study A, indicate that the 4-year-old adjusts his speech with regard to the changing capacities of different-aged listeners. The results of these studies are discussed with regard to previous work on the preschooler's communication skills and the variety of listener-produced cues that may influence the 4-year-old's tendency to "talk down." The implications of speaker-listener interaction for the process of language acquisition are considered. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.163 on Wed, 21 Sep 2016 04:38:28 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms