Mechanisms of synovial joint and articular cartilage formation: Recent advances, but many lingering mysteries
Mechanisms of synovial joint and articular cartilage formation: Recent advances, but many lingering mysteries
复制标题
DOI：
10.1002/bdrc.20050
复制
发表时间：
2005-09-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Iwamoto, Masahiro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pacifici, Maurizio;Koyama, Eiki;Iwamoto, Masahiro
滑膜关节是优雅的，至关重要的，看似简单的生物力学结构。它们由覆盖相对骨骼元素的每一端的关节软骨、润滑和润滑组织的滑液、保持骨骼元素处于检查中的韧带以及将关节与周围组织隔离的纤维囊组成。关节还表现出精美的形状和大小阵列，最好的例子是关节连接到近球形凹形髋关节髋臼中的近球形凸股骨头，或者指关节，其远端侧上的两个髁在相对的近端侧上的往复形状的窝中铰接。虽然数量很少，但关节组织在结构和功能上高度专业化。关节软骨具有独特的细胞外基质、独特的生物力学弹性、大部分无血管的性质以及在其细胞和组分的最小更新的情况下持续存在的能力。事实上，对滑膜关节的兴趣几十年来一直没有减弱，这反映了它们对生物体功能和生活质量的根本重要性，以及它们对各种获得性和先天性疾病的易感性，最重要的是关节炎。这导致了这一领域的许多进展，包括分子遗传学到生物力学到医学。令人遗憾的是，仍然知之甚少的是滑膜关节在发育中的胚胎中实际形成的机制。如果可用，这些信息不仅具有无可争议的生物学意义，而且还具有重要的生物医学影响，特别是在设计新的组织再生或重建疗法方面。本文综述了最近的进展，了解滑膜关节形成的机制，在四肢，并在经典研究的背景下的地方和讨论的信息和许多谜团和问题，仍然没有答案。
Synovial joints are elegant, critically important, and deceptively simple biomechanical structures. They are comprised of articular cartilage that covers each end of the opposing skeletal elements, synovial fluid that lubricates and nourishes the tissues, ligaments that hold the skeletal elements in check, and a fibrous capsule that insulates the joints from surrounding tissues, Joints also exhibit an exquisite arrays of shapes and sizes, best exemplified by the nearly spherical convex femoral head articulating into a nearly spherical concave hip acetabulum, or a phalangeal joint with two condyles on the distal side articulating in reciprocally-shaped sockets on the opposing proximal side. Though few in number, joint tissues are highly specialized in structure and function. This is illustrated by articular cartilage with its unique extracellular matrix, unique biomechanical resilience, its largely avascular nature, and its ability to persist through life with minimal turnover of its cells and components. The fact that interest in synovial joints has remained unabated for decades is a reflection of their fundamental importance for organism function and quality of life, and for their susceptibility to a variety of acquired and congenital conditions, most importantly arthritis. This has led to many advances in this field that encompass molecular genetics to biomechanics to medicine. Regrettably, what continues to be poorly understood are the mechanisms by which synovial joints actually form in the developing embryo. If available, this information would be not only of indisputable biological interest, but would also have significant biomedical ramifications, particularly in terms of designing novel tissue regeneration or reconstruction therapies. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of synovial joint formation in the limbs, and places and discusses the information within the context of classic studies and the many mysteries and questions that remain unanswered.